Treatments for PTSD
Treatments for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) Construct Description Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is diagnosed when an individual suffers a traumatic event to which s/he reacts with strong fear or helplessness and also develops particular symptoms that continue for at least 1 month (Taylor, Thordarson, Maxfield, Fedoroff, Lovell & Ogrodniczuk, 2003). PTSD usually appears within 3 months of the trauma (American Psychiatric Association, 1999). Its symptoms can be grouped into four categories (American Psychiatric Association, 1999; Taylor, et al, 2003): . Reexperiencing, e.g., flashbacks, nightmares; 2. Avoidance, e.g., diminished emotions, efforts to avoid any reminders of the traumatic event; 3. Emotional numbness, e.g., restricted range of affect; 4. Hyperarousal, which may involve feeling irritable and explosive, even when not provoked, insomnia, exaggerated startle reactions, poor control over his/her impulses, and suicide risk. In this paper we will look at two research studies that compare the efficacy of two types of treatments available for PTSD: prolonged exposure (PE) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) (one of the studies also looks at relaxation treatment in addition to the above two) PTSD Article 1 The study by Ironson, Freund, Strauss and Williams (2002) compared the efficacy of two treatments for PTSD: EMDR
Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
PTSD Social/Psychological Explanation A popular anxiety disorder is the Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is where people who encounter a very traumatic experience, does not recover. An example is the 'shell shock' disorder where comrades experienced trauma and shock during the First World War. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), PTSD is diagnosed if clinical characteristics continue for longer than a month and produce clinical significant distress. Thompson 1997 explains that PTSD is an anxiety disorder occurring in response to an extreme psychological or physical trauma, which is outside the range of 'normal' human experience. Brewer 1998 defines PTSD as a curse for perpetual reminiscence. Sufferers avoid but cannot prevent vivid, emotionally arousing images that intrude in dreams or even in the waking mind. With PTSD, people from any age or sex can be affected by it (Weintraub and Ruskin, 1999). The symptoms of PTSD may be persistent re-experiencing of the event through dreams and flashback episodes that may be triggered by reminders. As this happens, suffers tend to avoid anything or anywhere associated with the trauma. Concentration may be effected by the constant flashbacks and so the sufferer becomes irritable and angrier. A detachment from other people may occur, leading on to the inability to love.
What are the key features of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT?) - How does CBT differ from more
What are the key features of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)? - How does CBT differ from more "person centred" approaches? In the first century AD, the Stoic philosopher Epictetus observed that people are not disturbed by the events that happen, more so by the view that they take of them (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). The view a person takes of an event depends on their chosen orientation, and their orientation is influenced by their beliefs about their self in relation to the world (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). This is the theoretical origin of contemporary Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, one of the major orientations of psychotherapy deriving from cognitive and behavioural psychological models of human behaviour (Grazebrook and Garland, 2005). The earlier of the two approaches was behaviourism, created by JB Watson in 1919 when academic psychology was in its infancy. Watson believed psychology need only concern itself with overtly observable phenomena, not invisible thoughts and images (McLeod, 2003). One of the primary theories pioneered by behaviourists such as Skinner, Watson, Pavlov, Tolman and Thorndike was that all behaviour and beliefs must be learned, and controlled laboratory experiments proceeded to discover how they were learned (McLeod, 2003). Pavlov's (1927) Classical Conditioning model and Skinner's (1938) Operant model of learning (Gross, 2005) were the
Effect of PTSD in Dave Eggers A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius
Shukla Enduring the Pain: The Portrayal of PTSD in Dave Eggers’s A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius Devki Shukla IB Candidate Number: 2 December 2012 Word Count: 3,716 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………Page 3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….Page 4 Body……………………………………………………………………………....Page 4-11 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….Page 11-13 Works Cited………………………………………………………………………....Page 14 ________________ The psychological knowledge of disorders has always been somewhat of a mystery to me. The mind is such an incredibly complex and confusing machine, and little is absolutely certain about the way it functions. When reading Dave Eggers’s A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, I was given valuable insight involving psychological abnormalities. Although the novel never directly stated having connections to post-traumatic stress disorder, the storyline and style of the novel were, in my opinion, somewhat representative of PTSD. Having the information of Eggers’s parents’ deaths and his following actions, my claims for this relationship
CBT for Stress
CBT combines both the cognitive and behavioural approaches to psychology to provide a treatment for many things, in this case stress. It is based on two assumptions. ) Abnormal behaviour is the result of thinking traps e.g. catastrophising, black or white thinking and an all or nothing attitude and 2) Behaviour can be learnt ,thus it can also be unlearnt CBT sees behaviour as the result of a stimulus and a thought. So a stimulus is present in the persons environment, for example exams, a faulty thought or cognition occurs like 'I don't know anything!' and this causes an abnormal behaviour like throwing your revision guide at someone. CBT believes that by changing these faulty cognitions to healthier ones the behaviour will change as a result. In stress this form of therapy can be broken down into two sections - hardiness training and stress inoculation therapy. There are three stages to SIT - Stage 1: Conceptualization - The therapist and client explore how the client views and copes with stress Stage 2: Skill acquisition & rehearsal - This can be broken down into two types: Direct action and Cognitive Coping. Direct action is physical coping skills e.g. knowing an escape root in a stressful environment or breathing techniques. Cognitive coping is training the client to think differently e.g. 'I can cope', 'If I miss my deadline my life will not be over'. The client
A History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) By Yasemin MERIÇ - June, 2005 Social Science Inst. of Istanbul Dogus University Clinical Psychology Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is not a specific therapy but rather, a general classification of psychotherapy ("History," 2004). Within the CBT model, there are a few approaches and this include Cognitive Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Rational Behavior Therapy, Schema Focused Therapy, Rational Living Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (2004). Each of these methods has a different developmental history (2004). Some are more popular than others. For example, REBT is well embraced as is cognitive therapy. Within the same family of psychology, each of these theories have different authors and different techniques employed in the course of treatment. First, what is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy exactly? CBT is a psychotherapeutic model that is utilized by psychologists or therapists in order to enhance positive changes in individuals ("Cognitive Behavioral," 2004). It is supposed to help in the alleviation of emotional distress, as well as to look at a variety of issues that relate to psychological, behavioral and social difficulties (2004). Therapists who engage in this approach serve to identify and treat problems which arise as it relates to an individual's irrational thought processes (2004).
A reflective CBT Assignment
REFLECTIVE ESSAY In this assignment, I will provide a reflective account of my intervention with a client who for the purpose of this assignment and anonymity will be known as E. I will look at processes through which my developments in knowledge, skills and attitudes will be looked at in terms of the intervention over several sessions. Some of the sessions were with my supervisor with who I was able to reflect on the practice. On taking on this process of intervention, E completed a self assessment which is a collection of OCD specific and general anxiety. E, having marked highly on this, provided me with an initial picture of symptoms and the severity of any concurrent problems, eg. the severity of anxiety. After this a clinical evaluation was done which allowed a highly detailed picture of E's OCD. During this behaviour therapy was explained in an attempt to evaluate other anxiety problems that are present. This was a method generally, help treat OCD and for E to learn a variety of empirically supported strategies for managing his OCD. In consultation, E wanted to look at his OCD behaviour that has affected his life. Using the ABC framework, I formularised questions so as to take out reasons and feelings of looking when these triggers were occurring and to look at coping and confronting strategies so as to minimise their effect. It should be emphasised that
Can CBT make a meaningful contribution in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and severe personality disorders? Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis focuses on altering the thoughts, emotions, and behaviours
Can CBT make a meaningful contribution in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and severe personality disorders? Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis focuses on altering the thoughts, emotions, and behaviours of patients by teaching them skills to challenge and modify beliefs about delusions and hallucinations, to engage in experimental reality testing, and to develop better coping strategies for the management of hallucinations. The goals of these interventions are to decrease the conviction of delusional beliefs, and hence their severity, and to promote more effective coping and reductions in distress. This essay will attempt to assess the contribution of CBT to each of the disorders in turn by discussing reviews on efficacy, long term effects, compliance and cost, and then compare the outcome of CBT with alternative form of drug and therapy treatments. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia usually involves a dramatic disturbance in thoughts and feelings and results in behaviour that may seem odd to other people. Some people hear voices, others see things which are not there, or feel they are being persecuted. Some people only experience one episode of psychosis and some recover from schizophrenia. Over the past ten years the use of CBT for treating schizophrenia has been extensively studied. Much informative research has been conducted using the
Literature Review and Case study on CBT
Assignment 2 - Literature Review and Case study on CBT Literature Review Major Diagnosis: DSM-IV-TR (2000): Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder). According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000, p. 450) "The essential feature of Social Phobia is a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur." In a situation where the adolescent has social phobia, exposure to a social situation will provoke an immediate anxiety response, sweating, palpitations, and/or panic attack. Further to this the DSM-IV-TR (2000, p.450) also stipulates that a diagnosis of Social Phobia is "appropriate only if the avoidance, fear or anxious anticipation of encountering the social situation" interferes significantly with the person's social or occupational functioning. Symptoms must have persisted for at least six months, before diagnosis and the presentation cannot be better accounted for by other disorders. . In order to confirm the psychopathology of adolescent social phobia, Beidel, Turner, Young, Ammerman, Floyd and Crosby(2007) carried out a clinical study on sixty-three adolescents with social phobia and compared them to a control group of forty three adolescents with no psychiatric disorders and established that while "clinically impairing social fear" was a common element for the group with social phobia, they also experienced "higher levels of
Literature review on research methods;How effective is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of Childhood Anxiety?
How effective is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) in the treatment of Childhood Anxiety? Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, also referred to as CBT is an approach that "focuses on thought processes and how these might be maladaptive" (Sanders P 2009 p 58). The following literature review will explore and summarise four selected pieces of research that look at the use of CBT in the treatment of childhood anxiety and how effective it is. The term childhood in this case is referred to as children aged between 4 and 7 years. The term anxiety as referred to in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is an Anxiety Disorder which is a psychological condition (DSM-IV 2010). It manifests itself as unusual or abnormal behavior such as; Panic attacks, Agoraphobia or Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder amongst others. (DSM-IV 2010) Search Strategy An online search was conducted using the University of Salford's research data base SOLAR. This is accessed online via the University of Salford's Blackboard. In SOLAR you opt for the ' find databases' search area. This area then enables you to access online research specific to the school or area of study, in this case Health and Social Care and then the subject area, Counselling and Psychotherapy. Solar then gives the option of a more specific database search engine such as EBSCO the academic search premier database (EBSCO
