Describe Hindu beliefs about life after death

Describe Hindu beliefs about life after death (8) Hindus believe that everyone has an atman (spirit), which is permanent and cannot change. This is in comparison to physical bodies which are not permanent and can change. The atman has the ability to be reborn many times; this is called samsara (reincarnation). This belief can be shown in the Bhagavad Gita, which states that 'as a man casts off his worn-out cloths and takes on other new ones, so does the embodied soul cast off his worn-out bodies and enters other new.' This emphasises the belief that the atman is forever eternal, whilst it is only physical bodies that 'die.' Hindus believe that death is a natural event, and therefore see it as more of a celebration rather than mourning. This is because after death the atman can move nearer the ultimate release from rebirth, known as moksha. This belief can also be shown in the Bhagavad Gita, which states that 'for sure is the death of all that comes to birth, sure is the birth of all that dies. So in a matter that no one can prevent thou hast no cause to grieve.' Hindus believe in karma, which is the law of cause and effect. It teaches that all actions have corresponding results, if not in this life, then surely in the next. Each group in society (varna) has its own dharma (duties), which must be followed. These two factors combined (karma and Dharma) effect the speed at

  • Word count: 792
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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Dondi was a well rounded writer, covering all bases; bombing, whole cars and wildstyle. He achieved global popularity for his straight letter top to bottoms via the media, in publications such as Subway Art.

Started Writing: Approximately 1975 Affiliations: CIA, TOP, MAFIA (These are Crews and Single Aerosol Artists that Dondi had connections with). Local origin: East New York, Brooklyn. Areas hit: IRTs, INDs, BMTs Main lines: Js, LLs, Ms, 5s, 2s, As, CCs (These are train lines running in East NYC and Brooklyn that Dondi graffitied during his time as a writer). DONDI was a well rounded writer, covering all bases; bombing, whole cars and wildstyle. He achieved global popularity for his straight letter top to bottoms via the media, in publications such as Subway Art. He gained respect from his peers by doing major work tagging prolifically on the insides of all three subway divisions. Though well accomplished in the fore mentioned, DONDI's definitive attribute was the mastery of wildstyle lettering. Most newer generation writers are more familiar with the body of work DONDI accrued on IRT subway division, but DONDI made considerable pieces on the BMT subway division. During the late 1970s DONDI was hitting the BMTs with style and color schemes far more sophisticated than his peers. At this point in time skilled writers like the Prisoners Of Graffiti crew, DON of MAFIA crew and most members of The Fabulous 5 had stopped painting. For the most part throw-ups and quick straight letter pieces rendered in a limited color pallet were the rage. If not for DONDI, his crew and a

  • Word count: 619
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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Develpment in the History of Photography

Developments in the History of Photography The Camera Obscura (a dark room) The method involved viewing and recording exterior scenes from an interior vantage point. It was a popular medium used by artists in the 17th Century. The set up or procedure was similar to that of a pinhole camera and some Camera Obscuras used a pin hole instead if a lens. The method didn't give very accurate results because the perspective angles were wrong due to the simplicity of the lens at this period of time; this caused distortion of the subject. The camera wasn't very portable either due to its large size! The image would disperse onto a translucent surface inside the dark box-like structure; where it would be traced. In the 1700's the Camera Obscura was reduced to a 24 inch box. Joseph Nicephore Niepce Niepce stabilized the first camera image by exposing (using the camera obscura), a metal plate coated with bitumen; this is where the chemistry behind photography began. The plate was the immersed in oil solvent that removed the bitumen that hadn't been affected by light. He called this discovery, "heliography". Limitations of the discovery were long exposure times and insensitivity of the bitumen; which gave little detail to the image and a blotchy appearance. Niepce despaired believing his method had little purpose or success until he received a letter from a man who had been carrying

  • Word count: 939
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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Goivanni Antionio CAnal

This piece was painted by Giovanni Antonio Canal, Canaletto, and is called The Grand Canal and the church of Salute. It was painted in 1730 in Venice. It shows the distance between the far away buildings and the close up gondolas. The gondolas appear to be larger then the buildings in the background but actually aren't, it's just painted to look that way. If you look at the right hand side of the painting, it appears as if the buildings are growing smaller. The angle makes it appear this way. There is more detail on the closer up buildings because in real life you can see more detail the closer you are. This helps the depth of the picture, making it seem more life like and 3D. As if you were looking down a river. On the left hand side of the page you can see the shadows, making the sun on the right hand side too. This is why the left hand side is lighter. It also helps show that in between the buildings the shadow of the previous building is showing. This helps it appear more 3D and real. This piece is very realistic and in proportion. The perspective is shown very well and good tone is used. The buildings are in scale and single point perspective is used, meaning that the picture is only looked at from one

  • Word count: 234
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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Critical Study - "The Tree Frog" by Robert Rauschenberg.

Critical Study - "The Tree Frog" by Robert Rauschenberg The painting/print I am studying is called "The Tree Frog". Robert Rauschenberg painted it in 1964 at the age of 39. He could have painted it for many reasons, to show his own feelings or to display a political message. Rauschenberg use two methods to create this piece, these are screen-printing and oil on canvas. This particular method of screen-printing was very useful to Rauschenberg as he was able to take photographs and use their negatives to create photographic screen. This was achieved by use of different materials and chemicals. The advantage of this is it would allow him to have almost photo realistic prints on his work in any colour he desired. The other media used was oil paints, this allowed his painting to escape these almost uniform photographic images and create a more expressive whole using different brush strokes. The scale of the piece is 244 by 183cm, which is suitable for these particular methods to create a painting with impact. The work shows several prints, these appear to be an eagle, an astronaut, a construction site, a weather prediction dial, a yacht and a figure standing on a street. There doesn't seem to be any particular link between these images. The prints are backed with a large mass of orange that has been painted through the middle of the work using vigorous brush strokes. The

  • Word count: 513
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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What makes painting modern?

What makes painting modern? By Anita Mistry Modernities History of Art Level 1 (HT 51009A) 2003- 2004 To many art historians, modernism began in the Renaissance period, with Modernist thinking, although, it only really began to take shape in the 18th Century. Modernist thinkers didn't just want to imitate ancient models. Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) and Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) best demonstrate the difference between the progressive modernists and the politically conservative ancients. Ingres was painting 'beautiful' paintings that were identified with the classical academic style, whereas Delacroix's style was labelled as 'ugly'. This was most probably due to the subject matter of contemporary life with some anarchistic and materialistic elements thrown in. From Delacroix, progression brought us to Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) and Edouard Manet (1832-83). These modern painters painted scenes from everyday life, the poor, and the prostitutes. In doing so they were continuously pointing out all the social problems in their contemporary society, which these artists believed should be dealt with. Some critics even perceived at the time that Manet was ahead of his day. Manet is considered to be the first modern painter; he really pushed his painterly techniques and subject matter to the limits. This was advice he got from Charles Baudelaire, a French poet and

  • Word count: 1904
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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About Franz Marc

About Franz Marc Franz Marc (1880-1916) was born in Munich, Germany. His father had studied law but at his birth worked as a professor in painting at the Munich Academy. He served one year in the military. Coming back with the degree of a corporal, he decides to study painting at the Academy of Munich. Later in 1910, he gets to know Wassily Kandinsky, who becomes his close friend. In 1911 (and 1912), Marc creates his most famous horse paintings and exhibits, together with Kandinsky. Marc's wonderful paintings become more abstract in 1913 and, a year later, are abstract color fantasies. At the outbreak of the First World War, Marc immediately registers as an officer in the reserve. First, he instructs recruits and, at the end of the same month, is sent to the Western front in the Alsace (as a messenger rider). In September, he becomes ill with dysentery and on September 26,1913 his close friend August Macke dies on the front. On August 10,1915 Marc is awarded the Iron Cross and promoted lieutenant. However the world is deprived of his marvelous talent when in the battle for Verdun, he is hit in the temple by a grenade splinter on a reconnaissance ride - on a horse. Liubov Popova Liubov' Sergeevna Popova was one of the most talented, prolific, and influential women artists of the Russian avant-garde. She was born in the village of Ivanovskoe in Moscow province, in a family

  • Word count: 420
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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Under Eighteens Disco

Under Eighteens Disco Through many cities in Scotland people are starting to think whether or not under 18s discos are a good idea. There have been many issues that these clubs and the parents of the teenagers have to address. One argument is many parents feel their young daughters could feel pressured into underage sex, many young people fall pregnant and are left with babies, which affect their education etc. According to the latest statistics under age pregnancies are up by 11%, increasing from 8.5% per thousand to 9.4% per thousand. I know of a girl who did infact fall pregnant at one of these discos. She is now a mother to a 7-month baby at the age of 15. Also many people are concerned over under age drinking, this infact was a key factor to a nightclub being shut down recently, 'Studio 24' in Edinburgh was closed because of these teenagers turning up at the venue drunk, a newspaper article says that some teenagers were so drunk that they had to be taken home to parents by the police. Another key factor is that under age drinking increased according to a study. The study found that 21% of teenagers had consumed alcohol in the last week that's a rise of 2% from the study last year. Many teenagers give into peer pressure now to keep in with the crowd and to be cool. With all these pressures it seems unwise to put teens together. Thus teen discos can be a dangerous

  • Word count: 682
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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Nanoscience. Nanoscience involves working with objects on a very very small scale in other words, the study of phenomena on a scale of 1-100mn.

Nanoscience involves working with objects on a very very small scale in other words, the study of phenomena on a scale of 1-100mn. It offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do more and cleverer things, use less raw materials and consume less energy. A nanoparticle in general is a small particle with at least one dimension less than 100nm. It is combined with other atoms to form structures called nanostructures. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intensive scientific research, due to wide variety of potential applications in biomedical, optical and electronical fields. Being able to see atoms means that we can isolate and then move them, thus enabling us to manipulate substances (atoms, molecules) in such a way that we can use their specific characteristics for new materials in industry. An Atomic Force Microscope is used in order for us to see these tiny particles. If you were to look closer with a microscope you could examine the cells that make up your skin. This is a scale of micrometres (one-thousandth of a millimetre), sometimes referred to as the microworld. A nanometer is used to measure things that are very small. Atoms and molecules, the smallest pieces of everything around us, are measured in nanometer. One nanometer is 0.000000001m or 1nm. A nanometer is a unit of measure. Just like inches, feet and miles. A

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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Celtic Designs. Celtic knotwork can be found on many everyday things, including the Celtic engravings found on silverware and jewellery, and the embellishment on clothes and fabrics.

Celtic Designs Celtic designs were first introduced to Britain and Europe at around the 6th and 7th centuries by the Celts. At that time, it was used to decorate Christian Gospels. There are some Celtic symbols formed by endless lines, they often have a religious and spiritual meaning, they sometimes represent the cycle and path of life; but the meaning of each individual knot varies. These designs are sacred in the Christian religions and they are sometimes carved into big stone crosses. Nowadays, Celtic knotwork can be found on many everyday things, including the Celtic engravings found on silverware and jewellery, and the embellishment on clothes and fabrics. You may have also spotted these ancient patterns painted on stained glass windows at the church or maybe you have noticed celtic lettering in books. These designs are used to illuminate (decorate) things. Additionally, Celtic art can express pride of the culture, religion and heritage of the Celtic people. The Celts were Druidic nature worshippers, this meant that they believed that natural things, like people, animals, plants, and earth, were all connected and dependent on each other. This is reflected in Celtic designs and alphabetical letters - everything all joins together. The never-ending lines commonly found on Celtic patterns symbolizes what the Celts believed in - infinity, they believed that nothing had

  • Word count: 414
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Art
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