D(avid) H(erbert) Lawrence (1885-1930)
D(avid) H(erbert) Lawrence (1885-1930) English novelist, story writer, critic, poet and painter, one of the greatest figures in 20th-century English literature. Lawrence's doctrines of sexual freedom arose obscenity trials, which are still part of the relationship between literature and society. He saw sex and intuition as a key to undistorted perception of reality and a way unburden individual's frustrations and maladjustment to industrial culture. In 1912 he wrote: "What the blood feels, and believes, and says, is always true." The author's frankness in describing sexual relations between men and women upset a great many people. Lawrence's life after World War I was marked with continuous and restless wandering. "The novel is the book of life. In this sense, the Bible is a great confused novel. You may say, it is about God. But it is really about man alive. Adam, Eve, Sarai, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Samuel, David, Bath-sheba, Ruth, Esther, Solomon, Job, Isaiah, Jesus, mark, Judas, Paul, Peter: what is it but man alive, from start to finish? Man alive, not mere bits. Even the Lord is another man alive, in a burning bush, throwing the tablets of stone at Moses's head." (from 'Why the Novel Matters' in D.H. Lawrence: Selected Criticism, 1956) David Herbert Lawrence was born in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, in central England. He was the fourth child of a struggling coal miner who was a heavy drinker. His mother was a former schoolteacher, greatly superior in education to her husband. Lawrence's childhood was dominated by poverty and friction between her parents. In a letter from 1910 to the poet Rachel Annand Taylor he later wrote: "Their marriage life has been one carnal, bloody fight. I was born hating my father: as early as ever I can remember, I shivered with horror when he touched me. He was very bad before I was born." Encouraged by his mother, with whom he had a deep emotional bond and who figures as Mrs Morel in his first masterpiece, Lawrence became interested in arts. He was educated at Nottingham High School, to which he had won a scholarship. He worked as a clerk in a surgical appliance factory and then four years as a pupil-teacher. After studies at Nottingham University, Lawrence matriculated at 22 and briefly pursued a teaching career at Davidson Road School in Croydon in South London (1908-1911). Lawrence's mother died in 1910 - he helped her die by giving her an overdose of sleeping medicine. This scene was re-created in his novel SONS AND LOVERS. In 1909 a number of Lawrence's poems were submitted by Jessie Chambers, his childhood sweetheart, to Ford Madox Ford, who published them in English Review. The appearance of his first novel, THE WHITE PEACOCK, launched Lawrence as a writer at the age of 25. In 1912 he met Frieda von Richthofen, the professor Ernest Weekly's wife and fell in love with her. Frieda left her
husband and three children, and they eloped to Bavaria and then continued to Austria, Germany and Italy. In 1913 appeared Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers, which was based on his childhood and contains a portrayal of Jessie Chambers, the Miriam in the novel and called 'Muriel' in early stories. When the book was rejected by Heinemann, Lawrence wrote to his friend: "Curse the blasted, jelly-boned swines, the slimy, the belly-wriggling invertebrates, the miserable sodding rutters, the flaming sods, the sniveling, dribbling, dithering, palsied, pulse-less lot that make up England today." In 1914 Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen, and traveled with ...
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husband and three children, and they eloped to Bavaria and then continued to Austria, Germany and Italy. In 1913 appeared Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers, which was based on his childhood and contains a portrayal of Jessie Chambers, the Miriam in the novel and called 'Muriel' in early stories. When the book was rejected by Heinemann, Lawrence wrote to his friend: "Curse the blasted, jelly-boned swines, the slimy, the belly-wriggling invertebrates, the miserable sodding rutters, the flaming sods, the sniveling, dribbling, dithering, palsied, pulse-less lot that make up England today." In 1914 Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen, and traveled with her in several countries in the final two decades of his life. Lawrence's fourth novel, THE RAINBOW (1915), was about two sisters growing up in the north of England. The character of Ursula Brangwem was partly based on Lawrence's teacher associate in Nottingham, Loui Burrows. She was Lawrence's first love. The novel was banned for its alleged obscenity - it used swearwords and talked openly about sex. Over1000 copies of the novel were burned by the examining magistrate's order. The banning created further difficulties for him in getting anything published. Also his paintings were confiscated from an art gallery. John Middleton Mutty and Catherine Mansfield offered Lawrence their various 'little magazines' for his texts. An important patron was Lady Ottoline Morrell, wife of a Liberal Member of Parliament. Through her, Lawrence formed relationships with several cultural figures, among them Aldous Huxley, E.M. Forster, and Bertrand Russell, with whom he was later to quarrel bitterly. "But it needs a certain natural gift to become a loose woman or a prostitute. If you haven't got the qualities which attract loose men, what are you to do? Supposing it isn't in your nature to attract loose and promiscuous men! Why, then you can't be a prostitute, if you try your head off: nor even a loose woman. Since willing won't do it. It requires a second party to come to an agreement." (from The Lost Girl, 1920 ) Lawrence started to write THE LOST GIRL (1920) in Italy. He had settle with Frieda in Gargano. In those days they were so poor that they could not afford even a newspaper. The novel dealt with one of Lawrence's favorite subjects - a girl marries a man of a much lower social status, against the advice of friends, and finds compensation in his superior warmth and understanding. He dropped the novel for some years and rewrote the story in an old Sicilian farm-house near Taormina in 1920. During the First World War Lawrence and his wife were unable to obtain passports and were target of constant harassment from the authorities. They were accused of spying for the Germans and officially expelled from Cornwall in 1917. The Lawrences were not permitted to emigrate until 1919, when their years of wandering began. In the 1920s Aldous Huxley traveled with Lawrence in Italy and France. Between 1922 and 1926 he and Frieda left Italy to live intermittently in Ceylon, Australia, New Mexico and Mexico. These years provided settings for several of Lawrence's novels and stories. In 1924 the New York socialite Mabel Dodge Luhan gave to Lawrence and Frieda the Kiowa Ranch in Taos, receiving is return the original manuscript of Sons and Lovers. In an essay called 'New Mexico' (1928) he wrote that "New Mexico was the greatest experience from the outside world that I have ever had." He felt that it liberated him from the present era of civilization - "a new part of the sopul woke up suddenly, and the old world gave way to a new." After severe illness in Mexico, it was discovered that he was suffering from life-threatening tuberculosis. From 1925 the Lawrences confined their travels to Europe. Lady Chatterley's Lover - Constance Chatterley is married to Sir Clifford, a mineowner in Derbyshire. A war wound has left him impotent and paralyzed. Constance has a brief affair with a young playwright and then enters into a passionate relationship with Sir Cliffords gamekeeper, Oliver Melloers. Connie becomes pregnant. Sir Clifford refuses to give a divorce and the lovers wait for better time when they could be united. - One of the models for the cuckolder-gamekeeper was Angelino Ravagli, who received half the Lawrence estate after Frieda's death. "Necessary, forever necessary, to burn out false shames and smelt the heaviest ore of the body into purity." Lawrence's best known work is LADY CHATTERLY'S LOVER, first published privately in Florens in 1928. It tells of the love affair between a wealthy, married woman, and a man who works on her husband's estate. The book was banned for a time in both UK and the US as pornographic. In UK it was published in unexpurgated form in 1960 after a obscenity trial, where defense witnesses included E.M. Forster, Helen Gardner and Richard Hoggart. Lawrence's other novels from the 1920s include WOMEN IN LOVE (1920), a sequel to Rainbow. The characters are probably partially based on Lawrence and his wife, and John Middleton Murray and his wife Katherine Mansfield. The friends shared a house in England in 1914-15. Lawrence used the English composer and songwriter Philip Heseltine as the basis for Julius Halliday, who never forgave it. When a manuscript of philosophical essays by Lawrence fell into Heseltine's hands - no other copies of the text existed - he used it as toilet tissue. According to an anecdote, Lawrence never trusted the opinions of Murray and when Murray told that he believed that there was no God, Lawrence replied, "Now I know there is." AARON'S ROAD (1922) shows the influence of Nietzsche, and in KANGAROO (1923) Lawrence expressed his own idea of a 'superman'. THE PLUMED SERPENT (1926) was a vivid evocation of Mexico and its ancient Aztec religion. THE MAN WHO DIED (1929), first published under the title The Escaped Cock, was a bold version of the story of Christ's resurrection. Instead to have Christ to go to heaven, Lawrence has him mate with the priestess of Isis. Lawrence's non-fiction works include MOVEMENTS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY (1921), PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS (1922), STUDIES IN CLASSIC AMERICAN LITERATURE (1923) and APOCALPSE (1931). "When it comes to living, we live through our instincts and our intuitions. Instinct makes me run from little over-earnest ladies; instinct makes me sniff the lime blossom and reach for the darkest cherry. But it is intuition which makes me feel the uncanny glassiness of the lake this afternoon, the sulkiness of the mountains, the vividness of near green in thunder-sun, the young man in bright blue trousers lightly tossing the grass from the scythe, the elderly man in a boater stiffly shoving his scythe strokes, both of them sweating in the silence of the intense light." (from 'Insouciance', 1928) D.H. Lawrence died in Vence, France on March 2, 1930. Frieda (d. 1956) moved to the Kiowa Ranch and built a small memorial chapel to Lawrence; his ashes lie there. In 1950 she married Angelino Ravagli, a former Italian infantry officer, with whom she had started an affair in 1925. Jake Zeitlin, a Los Angeles bookseller, who first took care of Lawrence's literary estate, summarized his feeling when he first saw the author's manuscripts: "That night when I first opened the trunk containing the manuscripts of Lawrence and as I looked through them, watched unfold the immense pattern of his vision and the tremendous product of his energy, there stirred in me an emotion similar to that I felt when first viewing the heavens with a telescope." Lawrence also gained posthumous renown for his expressionistic paintings completed in the 1920s. For further reading: D.H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study by Anais Nin (1932); The Savage Pilgrimage by C. Carswell (1932); D.H. Lawrence: A Personal Record by J. Chambers (1935); D.H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, ed. by E. Nehls (1957-59, 3 vols.); D.H. Lawrence by A Beal (1960); The Art of Perversity by K. Widmer (1962); The Deed of Life by J. Moynahan (1963); Double Measure by G. Ford (1965); The Art of D.H. Lawrence by K. Sagar (1966); D.H. Lawrence's American Journey by J. Cowan (1970); Acts of Attention: The Poems of D.H. Lawrence by S. Gilbert (1972); D.H. Lawrence: The World of the Major Novels by S. Sanders (1973); The Priest of Love by H. More (1974); D.H. Lawrence's Nightmare by P. Delany (1978); D.H. Lawrence: A Biography by J. Meyers (1990); D.H. Lawrence: The Early Years, 1885-1912 by John Worthen (1991); D.H. Lawrence: Aesthetics and Ideology by A. Fernihough (1993); D.H. Lawrence: A Study of the Shorter Fiction by W. Thornton (1993); D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage by Brenda Maddox (1996); D.H. Lawrence: A Reference Companion by P. Poplawski (1996); D.H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912-1922 by Mark Kinkead-Weekes (1996); D.H. Lawrence: The Thinker as Poet by F. Becket (1997); D.H. Lawrence, Dying Game by D. Ellis (1998) - Other film adaptations: The Rocking Horse Winner, 1949, dir. Anthony Pelisser; The Fox, 1967, dir. Mark Rydell; The Virgin and the Gypsy, 1970, dir. Christopher Miles. - Suomeksi on julkaistu myös novellivalikoimat Leppäkerttu ja Novelleja. - See also: Olavi Paavolainen, Ezra Pound, Alan Sillitoe, Tennessee WilliamsSelected works: THE WHITE PEACOCK, 1911 THE TRESPASSER, 1912 SONS AND LOVERS, 1912 - Poikia ja rakastajia - film 1960, dir. Jack Cardiff, starring Dean Stockwell, Trevor Howard, Wendy Hiller, Mary Ure LOVE POEMS AND OTHERS, 1913 THE PRUSSIAN OFFICER AND OTHER STORIES, 1914 THE RAINBOW, 1915 - film 1989, dir. by Ken Russell, starring Sammi Davis, Paul McGann, Amanda Donohoe, Christophr Gable TWILIGHT IN ITALY, 1916 LOOK! WE HAVE COME THROUGH, 1917 NEW POEMS, 1918 WOMEN IN LOVE, 1920 - Rakastuneita naisia - film 1971, dir. by Ken Russell, starring Glenda Jackson, Jennie Linden, Alan Bates, Oliver Reed THE LOST GIRL, 1920 SEA AND SARDINIA, 1921 AARON'S ROD, 1922 ENGLAND, MY ENGLAND, 1922 THE LADYBIRD, 1923 BIRDS, BEASTS AND FLOWERS, 1923 S TUDIES IN CLASSIC AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1923 KANGAROO, 1923 ST. MAWR, 1925 THE PLUMED SERPENT, 1926 - Sulkakäärme MORNINGS IN MEXICO, 1927 JOHN THOMAS AND LADY JANE, 1927 - John Thomas ja Lady Jane LADY CHATTERLEY'S LOVER, 1928 - Lady Chatterleyn rakastaja - film 1955, L'amant de Lady Chatterley, dir. Marc Allégret, starring Danielle Darrieux, Leo Genn, Erno Crisa; film 1981, dir. Just Jaeckin, starring Sylvia Kristel, Nicholas Clay, Shane Briant; television film 1992, dir. Ken Russell COLLECTED POEMS II, 1928 THE WOMAN WHO RODE AWAY, 1928 PANSIES, 1929 THE ESCAPED COCK, 1929 NETTLES, 1930 THE VIRGIN AND THE GIPSY, 1930 LOVE AMONG THE HAYSTACKS, 1930 A PROPOS OF LADY CHATTERLEY'S LOVER, 1930 APOCALYPSE, 1931 THE MAN WHO DIED, 1931 - Mies joka kuoli ETRUSCAN PLACES, 1932 THE LOVELY LADY, 1933 BIRDS, BEASTS AND FLOWERS, 1933 LAST POEMS, 1933 THE PLAYS, 1933 WE NEED ONE ANOTHER, 1933 THE TALES, 1933 A COLLIER'S FRIDAY NIGHT, 1934 THE SPIRIT OF PLACE, 1935 PHOENIX, 1936 FOREWORD TO 'WOMEN IN LOVE', 1936 FIRE AND OTHER POEMS, 1940 THE FIRST LADY CHATTERLY, 1944 LETTERS TO BERTRAND RUSSELL, 1948 A PRELUDE, 1949 SELECTED ESSAYS, 1950 THE COMPLETE SHORT STORIES, 1955 SEX, LITERATURE AND CENSORSHIP, 1955 D.H. LAWRENCE: SELECTED CRITICISM, 1956 EIGHT LETTERS TO RACHEL ANNAND TAYLOR, 1956 THE COMPLETE POEMS, 1957 POSTHUMOUS PAPERS, 1961 THE COLLECTED LETTERS, 1962 THE SYMBOLIC MEANING, 1962 THE COMPLETE POEMS, 1964 THE PAINTINGS OF D.H. LAWRENCE, 1964 THE COMPLETE PLAYS, 1965 SELECTED LITERARY CRITICISM, 1967 PHOENIX II, 1968 LAWRENCE IN LOVE, 1968 THE QUEST FOR RANANIM, 1970 THE CENTAUR LETTERS, 1970 LETTERS TO MARTIN SECKER 1911-1930, 1970 THE FIRST LADY CHATTERLEY, 1971 THE ESCAPED COCK, 1973 LETTERS TO THOMAS AND ADELE SELZER, 1976 INTERVIEWS AND RECOLLECTIONS, 1981 MR. NOON, 1984 LETTERS (7 vol.), 1979-93
