Romeo and Juliet VERY FULL OVERVIEW
Romeo and Juliet
By
William Shakespeare
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Summaries
. Act I
2. Act II
3. Act III
4. Act IV
5. Act V
B. Essays
. In an essay of 1000 words trace how Juliet changes from a girl to a woman and how Romeo changes from a boy to a man. Comment on the differences in their personalities as revealed, for example, in the balcony scene and how they respond to crises later in the play.
2. How does Shakespeare use language to tell us about people's personalities? How do different characters talk, what can we tell about them from the way they talk, how does Romeo's language change as he changes, how does it change according to his mood?
3. What aspects of love does Shakespeare explore in Romeo and Juliet?
C. Notes
A. Summaries
. Act I
Prologue: The Chorus explains the scenery, of two rivaling households in Verona, and lays out the plot for the audience, announcing that two lovers, one from each house have to die to end the feud between both houses.
Scene 1: Sampson and Gregory, servants to the house of Capulet, start a quarrel with Abraham and Balthasar servants to the house of Montague. Benvolio a kinsman of the house of Capulet tries to part the quarreling groups but Tybalt tells him to fight. Both Capulet and Montague try to join in the fighting but are held back by their wives. Prince Escalus arrives at the scenery stops the feud and warns the two houses that if they were ever to break the peace again the punishment would be death. The Prince leaves, accompanied by Capulet, leaving Benvolio with Montague and Lady Montague behind. To the question of the whereabouts of Romeo, Benvolio answers that he has been wandering in the woods early in the morning. The Montagues tell him that he has been in sorrow for some time. Romeo joins them and as the Montagues leave Benvolio finds out that unrequited love is the reason for his sorrows. Benvolio however tries to persuade Romeo into looking for another woman; he however prefers to stay in his state of self-indulgent love.
Scene 2: Paris asks Capulet for Juliet's hand, he thinks she is still too young, however invites him to a feast that night. Capulet also sends a servant to invite other guests to the feast. Benvolio talking once again to Romeo about his love is interrupted by the servant, who asks Romeo whether he can read the invitations for him. Romeo discovers that Rosaline, his beloved, will be at the feast and Benvolio dares him to go to the feast too and compare Rosaline to the other girls there.
Scene 3: Lady Capulet wants to have a private word with Juliet; the Nurse however starts talking about Juliet's childhood. Lady Capulet continues and tells Juliet that Paris has asked for her hand. She also appeals to Juliet to consider this and see that he is the right man for her. Servants enter and call everyone to the feast.
Scene 4: Mercutio tries to convince Romeo to dance at Capulet's feast; Romeo however retorts that he is in to deep sorrows. He even adds that it is not a wise move to show up at the feast at all because of a dream he had which prophesizes a terrible fate for him. Mercutio teases him for believing in dreams by talking about "Queen Mab". At last Romeo goes to the feast with his friends.
Scene 5: Romeo and his friends arrive at Capulet's house while preparations are being made for the dancing. Capulet greets the masked people who turned up for the ball. Romeo sees Juliet for the first time and says that it is the first time he has seen true beauty. Tybalt recognizes Romeo by his voice and wants to fight, Capulet however tells him off. Tybalt leaves enraged threatening Romeo. Romeo speaks to Juliet holding her hand, and begs for a kiss which is given to him by her. They are both called away and depart in a last kiss. As they are leaving they find out about each other's identity and exclaim upon the fate which has led them to fall in love with their enemy.
Act I: In the first act the audience is introduced to all the characters. It starts off with a quarrel between the two houses. Romeo is introduced to the audience as a rather immature person who is lost in self-pity about his unrequited love. Paris asks for Juliet's hand which is for now declined by Capulet. Juliet however is being informed about this offer. Romeo's friends try to persuade him to go to the feast and dance at the Capulet's house. This is where Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time and discover their love for each other. They learn about each others identities and see the conflict that lies in the love between two enemies. In addition to that Tybalt threatens Romeo for the first time, foreshadowing the following events.
2. Act II
Prologue: This time the Chorus tells the audience that Romeo and Juliet are suffering because they are separated but that they find a way to bypass this.
Scene 1: On the way home from Capulet's feast, Romeo turns back and jumps over the wall into Capulet's garden. Benvolio and Mercutio both call for Romeo to come back but as he doesn't appear they depart.
Scene 2: As Romeo stands in Capulet's garden he sees Juliet at her window. He listens to her talking about her love to him and wishing that he had a different name. He surprises her by offering to take a different name if only they could be together. They make vows of love to each other until Juliet is called away by the nurse. She returns and tells Romeo that she will send a messenger the next day to find out when and where they are to marry. Once again she is called away and returns to set a time for the messenger to come. They finally depart after a long goodbye and Romeo says that he will visit Friar Lawrence in his cell to ask for his help.
Scene 3: When Romeo enters Friar Lawrence's cell he is gathering herbs. Romeo tells him all about how he fell in love with Juliet and that he wants the Friar to marry them. At first Friar Lawrence criticizes how Romeo has so suddenly changed from love of Rosaline to Juliet, but at last agrees to marry them because he thinks it may end the feud between the house of Capulet and the house of Montague.
Scene 4: Mercutio wonders where Romeo is, while Benvolio tells him that Tybalt has sent a challenge to Romeo. When Romeo enters Mercutio makes remarks about love of very physical kind and Romeo joins in. The Nurse comes to pick up the message from Romeo about time and place of his and Juliet's marriage. Mercutio teases the nurse with further bawdy remarks. The Nurse and Romeo leave them behind and she complains about Mercutio but receives information from him.
Scene 5: Juliet awaits the return of the Nurse impatiently hoping to find out news from Romeo. ...
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Scene 4: Mercutio wonders where Romeo is, while Benvolio tells him that Tybalt has sent a challenge to Romeo. When Romeo enters Mercutio makes remarks about love of very physical kind and Romeo joins in. The Nurse comes to pick up the message from Romeo about time and place of his and Juliet's marriage. Mercutio teases the nurse with further bawdy remarks. The Nurse and Romeo leave them behind and she complains about Mercutio but receives information from him.
Scene 5: Juliet awaits the return of the Nurse impatiently hoping to find out news from Romeo. The Nurse teases Juliet by waiting to tell her what Romeo really said, but finally she tells her that she is to go to Friar Lawrence cell where they are going to be wed.
Scene 6: Just before the ceremony starts Friar Lawrence warns Romeo that such strong love can cause a negative outcome, foreshadowing, once again, of the later events. Romeo and Juliet once again make their vows of love to each other and Friar Lawrence leads them off to be married.
Act 2: The second Act shows how Romeo and Juliet get closer and finally marry. At first Romeo visits Juliet and she talks to him from the balcony where they agree to marry. Romeo asks Friar Lawrence for advice and to marry them. He agrees only because he believes the feud between the families might come to end through this. The Nurse then visits Romeo to find out about time and place of their marriage and delivers this information to Juliet. The act closes with the couple being led off to be married.
3. Act III
Scene 1: Benvolio advises Mercutio to stay out trouble especially with the Capulet's. When Tybalt arrives, searching for Romeo, he is challenged to a fight by Mercutio, but Romeo appears. Tybalt challenges Romeo to fight but he refuses. Mercutio steps forward instead and fights Tybalt, who wounds him and flees. Mercutio dies and when Tybalt returns Romeo fights and kills him. Benvolio tells Romeo to run and then tells Prince Escalus what has happened. Lady Capulet wants Romeo punished with death but the Prince banishes him.
Scene 2: Juliet awaits Romeo when the Nurse appears and tells her about the dead Tybalt and Romeo's banishment. The Nurse is so overexcited that Juliet thinks Romeo is dead. When she then makes the facts clear Juliet at first blames Romeo but then turns to defend him that he killed the man that would have killed him. The Nurse promises to arrange for Romeo to come that night for a farewell visit.
Scene 3: Hearing from Friar Lawrence that he is to be banished, Romeo declares that the Friar is torturing him to death. The Nurse brings Romeo the news that Juliet feels just as bad as he does. Romeo feels guilty for the pain he has caused Juliet and tries to stab himself. Friar Lawrence however Romeo stops him and tells him to go visit Juliet, then to hide in Mantua until the Prince can be persuaded to exempt him from the banishment. The Nurse gives Romeo the ring that Juliet asked her to deliver to him. Romeo feels much better and leaves Friar Lawrence's cell to go to Juliet.
Scene 4: Capulet changes his mind and promises Paris that Juliet will marry him the day after tomorrow.
Scene 5: Romeo prepares to leave Juliet just before dawn, but she holds him back saying that it is still night. He offers to stay and die, but she urges him to leave. As the Nurse enters warning them that Juliet's mother is coming Romeo kisses Juliet and leaves through the window. Juliet asks him if they will ever see each other again, Romeo assures her they will but Juliet seems to foresee what will happen. Lady Capulet enters and assuming Juliet is weeping for Tybalt's death and that no revenge has been taken upon Romeo tells her that she is weeping too much and expresses her hatred for Romeo. Juliet seems to agree but there is an ambiguous meaning in her words expressing her love for Romeo. To cheer Juliet up, Lady Capulet delivers her the news that she is to be married to Paris. Juliet refuses to accept this and Lady Capulet tells this to her husband. Capulet gets so enraged that he threatens Juliet that if she doesn't marry Paris she is no longer a member of the family. Juliet asks her mother to support her but she does not. She turns to the Nurse for advice but she tells Juliet that she should marry Paris because Romeo is not coming back and that Paris is the better man anyways. She pretends to agree but decides to go to Friar Lawrence to ask him for advice.
Act 3: The third Act starts off very dramatic as Tybalt kills Mercutio instead of Romeo. Romeo longs for revenge and kills Tybalt. For this action he gets banned from Verona by Prince Escalus. Juliet does not know how to handle the news when she is told. She blames Romeo at first but then takes his side by saying that he only killed the man that would have killed him. Meanwhile Romeo arrives at Friar Lawrence's cell and finds out that he has been banished and that Juliet is weeping for him. The Friar tells him to visit Juliet and then leave to Mantua and hide there. At the same time Capulet has a change of mind and promises Paris Juliet hand for marriage. As Romeo prepares to leave Juliet and go to Mantua, he assures her that they will be together again but she has doubts. Lady Capulet brings Juliet the news of her arranged marriage, which she refuses. This makes her father extremely angry threatening her to throw her out. She turns to her mother, the nurse and after these too won't help she decides to go to Friar Lawrence to ask for advice.
4. Act IV
Scene 1: Juliet appears in Friar Lawrence's cell while Paris is making arrangements, for the wedding ceremony, with the Friar. Paris tries to get a sign of affection out of Juliet and reminds her that they are to be married on Thursday. Juliet says that will rather kill herself than marry Paris and the Friar comes up with a plan for her to take a drug which will put her in a death-like sleep. The wedding will be cancelled and Romeo will take her to Mantua when she awakes.
Scene 2: While Capulet is making arrangements for the wedding feast, Juliet enters, apologizes for her behavior and promises that she will marry Paris. This puts Capulet in such in such a good mood that he reschedules the wedding for the very next day.
Scene 3: Juliet persuades her mother and the Nurse to leave her alone in her room. She fears that everything might go wrong and pictures herself locked up in a tomb. At last she decides to drink the drug and falls asleep.
Scene 4: The Capulets and their servants are preparing for the wedding and Capulet sends the Nurse to awaken Juliet.
Scene 5: The Nurse tries to awaken Juliet but finds her dead. Lady Capulet and Capulet come and grieve for their daughter's death. Capulet, Lady Capulet, Paris and the Nurse all mourn her death and are only calmed down by Friar Lawrence, who tells them that she is now in a better place and that they should organize the funeral. The musicians are meanwhile starting to leave when Peter tells them to play a sad so to cheer him up. They refuse and are insulted by Peter with a riddle.
Act 4: The fourth Act continues in a similar dramatic manner. Juliet arrives at Friar Lawrence's cell and he gives her a drug which will put her in a death-like sleep. The plan is that the marriage will be cancelled and Romeo will pick her up to go to Mantua. As wedding arrangements are being made Juliet drinks the drug. In the morning she is found apparently dead and Lady Capulet, Capulet, the Nurse and Paris weep for her.
5. Act V
Scene 1: Romeo expects good news coming from Verona, but on the contrary he receives the news of Juliet's death. He buys poison from an apothecary and says that he wants to return to Verona and join Juliet in her death.
Scene 2: Friar John tells Friar Lawrence that he was not able to deliver his letter to Romeo. Friar Lawrence makes plans to be there when Juliet awakes, write again to Romeo in Mantua, and hide Juliet in his cell until Romeo arrives.
Scene 3: Paris comes to Juliet's grave to strew flowers and weep. As Romeo enters Paris hides into the darkness. As Romeo tries to open the tomb, Paris comes forward and tries to arrest Romeo. They fight, and Romeo kills Paris. Romeo settles down next to Juliet, pledges his love to her, takes the poison, and dies. Friar Laurence comes and finds Romeo and Paris dead. Juliet awakes and Friar Laurence tries to persuade her to come out of the grave, but being afraid of being found there by the watchmen, he runs away. Juliet kills herself with Romeo's dagger. Soon Prince Escalus arrives, then Capulet, Lady Capulet, and Montague. Friar Laurence tells his story, which is confirmed by Balthasar, Paris' Page, and the letter from Romeo to his father. Montague promises to build a golden statue of Juliet, and Capulet promises to build one of Romeo.
Act 5: The fifth Act starts of with bad news for Romeo - the news of Juliet's death. He buys poison and makes his way to Verona to join Juliet in her death. Friar Lawrence finds out that Romeo has not received the letter explaining what has actually happened to Juliet. He plans to write another letter and hide Juliet in his cell until Romeo arrives. His plan however does not turn out the way he wants it to and it comes to a dramatic showdown. Romeo finds Paris at the tomb of Juliet and kills him. He settles down next to her drinks the poison, when Juliet awakes she finds the dead Romeo next to her and stabs herself with his dagger. Prince Escalus and the two families arrive and Friar Lawrence tells the whole story. The two families Capulet and Montague at last settle their feud.
B. Essays
. In an essay of 1000 words trace how Juliet changes from a girl to a woman and how Romeo changes from a boy to a man. Comment on the differences in their personalities as revealed, for example, in the balcony scene and how they respond to crises later in the play.
The characters Romeo and Juliet in the play of the same name by William Shakespeare are rather immature as the play commences. Due to the love that develops between them, the feud between their two families and their actions, they mature and reach a stage upon which they have become independent individuals, taking their own decisions. The extraordinary about their maturation is the short time period in which it takes place, from the beginning to the end of the play only three days pass.
Romeo appears rather immature at the beginning of the play as he looses himself in the self-indulgent and hopeless love towards Rosaline. At the beginning of the play Romeo is displayed as a self-pitying person. He much rather looses himself in sorrow than forgetting what has happened and going out to search for another girl who will return his love. He goes to Capulet's feast only to see Rosaline. Juliet at the same time is also not very mature. She is very much dependant on the Nurse and Lady Capulet, who still try to comfort her in the best possible way. However she does not agree to marry Paris not following the path her parents laid out for her. Before the first encounter of Romeo and Juliet they both are rather immature in different ways.
At Capulet's feasts Romeo and Juliet see each other for the first time and immediately fall in love. This love helps Juliet in becoming more independent as she takes the first important decision for herself by deciding to marry Romeo. He is no longer lost in self-pity and sorrow but is much more outgoing and happy, which is an important change in his character. For the first time the two see real love and Romeo no longer has to be in love with the idea of love only. The love that develops between the two matures both of them as Juliet becomes much more independent and Romeo's eyes seem to be opened again, no longer wanting to be sorrow. Their strong love however also results in hasty actions.
Never having felt such strong feelings before, Romeo and Juliet take impetuous decisions. Small actions such as Romeo turning back after the feast to see Juliet once more can be explained through the blindness of love or Romeo's lack of experience of true love. Both of them however take hasty decisions such as the one of their marriage. Even though the decision of marriage might be called rash it does testify to a higher level of maturity and independence. This bond between them causes Romeo to become more careful and not take many more overhasty decisions. When Tybalt challenges him he stays rather calm trying to stay out of a fight and trouble. Only the murder of Mercutio and the desire for revenge cause him to loose his composure and kill Tybalt. This may be interpreted in a way that Romeo still acts rather rash and does not think about what his action could cause. On the contrary however Romeo shows a lot of patience, which is a rather mature characteristic. Through the responsibilities which come with the marriage especially Romeo matures a lot.
The situation seems to be very confusing for Juliet; her cousin killed by her husband. She however deals with it rather well. Her parents think she is in deep sorrow about her cousin's death while in reality she is crying about Romeo's banishment. Exactly this shows how much she has matured; she no longer seeks for help as much but deals with it herself. For the first time she actually opposes her parents by rejecting to marry Paris, which is just another sign of independence. In her misery she turns to Friar Lawrence and together they plan to fake her death to enable her to live away from her parents together with Romeo. She might not be fully aware of the consequences of this decision and it is legitimate to say that it might be a little bit rash. In many ways Juliet has now matured through her love, her experiences and previous actions. She more and more isolates herself from her parents and takes her own decisions. On the other hand she still is rather unbridled and makes rather rash decisions.
As Romeo gets the wrong information and hears that Juliet is dead once again his old hot-headedness comes out. He is rather reckless, returns to Verona from his banishment and buys poison. These are signs that he only controlled himself out of love to Juliet and was rather considered, but the thought of loss of his love returns him to his old self. The sight of the apparently dead Juliet causes Romeo to take his last decision. When Juliet then awakes and sees him dying she kills herself to. They are both willing to take their lives out of love for each other. The braveness of the decision to commit suicide shows a certain degree of maturity. However they would have displayed an even higher level of braveness and maturity with the decision not to kill themselves.
Both Romeo and Juliet are rather young and immature characters to the beginning of the play. Romeo has lost himself in a love that is hopeless, while Juliet is completely dependant on her parents. Through the love that they experience amongst each other they grow and reach a certain level of maturity. Juliet becomes more and more independent and takes her own decisions, isolating herself from her parents and at last the Nurse as well. Meanwhile Romeo is no longer lost and becomes more considered. The love has developed them so far that they are willing to give their lives for it. "These violent delights have violent ends"(Act 2, Scene 6) and thus they die after only three days.
2. How does Shakespeare use language to tell us about people's personalities? How do different characters talk, what can we tell about them from the way they talk, how does Romeo's language change as he changes, how does it change according to his mood?
The language plays an important role in "Romeo and Juliet" as it defines and characterizes the characters in the play. It is used to display which social class they are in, signals the change in the characters and reflects their mood or feelings. The languages special importance lies in giving color to the love between Romeo and Juliet.
The importance and social status of a character can easily be identified by the way they speak. The more important characters, which all belong to the higher classes all speak in verse form and use much imagery. This verse is sometimes even in sonnet form. The imagery used gives color to the language and there are certain imageries, which reappear more often in the play, so called iterative imageries, one of these is light and darkness. This image gives a strong contrast used to describe Romeo's and Juliet's love for one another. The less important characters, which most of the time are the lower class, such as servants or musicians, do not have such richness in their word choice to bring color to the language. They speak in prose and often speak very bawdily. The language was used as a tool to separate the more important and less important characters.
The bawdy language is mainly used by Mercutio and the Nurse but they mention physical love in different contexts. Mercutio is made sympathetic to the audience because he is joking a lot, teases other characters and mocks them with bawdy remarks. He does this for fun and amuses the audience by for example singing "An old hare hoar, and an old hare hoar" (Act 2, Scene 4) about the Nurse. The Nurse however is a very simple character and she sees love as a simply practical thing to make children. "Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit" (Act 1, Scene 3) is what she says about Juliet becoming pregnant. Through the bawdy comments the audience is entertained and at the same time the characters are characterized.
The language is also used to express feelings of the characters. Juliet makes use of the language to express her real feelings but at the same time make it seem different for her mother, hiding a double meaning in her words. This is the only time she hides her feelings using the language. Other than that she expresses her feelings openly. Revealing the character's feelings is a important part the language has to play.
Especially Romeo changes his language throughout the play, very much according to his mood. At the beginning of the play he is lost in his unrequited love for Rosaline. He uses much rather dark imagery to express his grief. He speaks of love being "a madness most discreet" (Act 1, Scene 1) and connects it with illness and death. However this changes as soon as he sees Juliet the first time. To describe her beauty he uses the imagery of light and darkness as in "Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear"(Act 2, Scene 5). As he is banished and his mood becomes worse again he compares his banishment with hell ad something much worse than death saying:"For exile hath more terror in his look, much more than death" (Act 3, Scene 3). Romeo varies his language and especially his use of imagery very much with his mood.
The imagery is however mainly used to describe the love between Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet both use imagery to describe their love for each other. They use images of light and darkness very often but also other ones such as a flower. "This bud of love, by summer's ripening breath, may prove a beauteous flower when next we meet." (Act 2, Scene 2) describes how their love with time can grow from a small bud to a big, beautiful flower. However they fear the association of their love with lightning and the moon because they pass so fast. The imagery is an essential part of the play and it brings color to the play.
The language was Shakespeare's most important tool. Through the language he tells the audience about each character's personality and position. Their mood also reflects on the way they talk and to express their feelings the character's use imagery of every kind representing every sense. Shakespeare's language is so rich that it can replace
3. What aspects of love does Shakespeare explore in Romeo and Juliet?
Love has many definitions which each describe a different nuance of affection to someone. Shakespeare explores these different aspects or nuances of love in the "Romeo and Juliet". Unrequited, false, physical and of course true love are well described in the play. True love is the main focus because that is what leads Romeo and Juliet to their ends. However not only the love between the opposite sexes plays a role but also love for the family. These types of love are much undeveloped and only highlight the love that exists between Romeo and Juliet once more by contrasting it.
What Romeo feels at the beginning of the book is false love. He does not really love Rosaline and even if he did his love would be unrequited anyway. He is more in love with the idea of being in love and in some way actually enjoys self-pitying. All he refers to when he talks about he only talks about her very superficially only mentioning her beauty and her wisdom. Besides that he actually forgets about her the instant he sees Juliet. He even asks himself: "Did my heart love till now?" and does not even think about the so praised beauty of Rosaline "For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night" (Act 1, Scene 5). The false love to Rosaline only shows how much more pure the love to Juliet is.
The physical side of love is an aspect which especially two characters substitute for - Mercutio and the Nurse. Mercutio makes many jokes which are rather bawdy. He makes fun of the love Romeo feels and ignores the feeling that lies behind love and simply sees it as an act of pleasure and fun. The other friends of Romeo also make fun of Romeo for his loves. The Nurse also ignores that there is feeling behind love. This makes her seem rather simple and superficial. She sees love as a way to become pregnant. The superficiality of these views further develops the aspect of purity and superiority of Romeo and Juliet's love.
Love among the family is not a big issue in the play. Juliet is much distanced from her parents. Lady Capulet seems to be a very cold mother not very close too her child. The Nurse is the closest Juliet has to a real loving mother. Her father mostly sees her as a way of making ties with other family for instance through the marriage with Paris. That is why he gets so angry when she refuses to marry him. The mother, which is normally closest to the child, does not even intervene when Juliet is threatened to be thrown out of the house. When Juliet then apparently dies her parents seem to rather be weeping about the annulation of the marriage than her death. Once more the missing love gives contrast to the true love between Romeo and Juliet.
The main love that is explored in the play is of course the true love between Romeo and Juliet. The first time they meet they instantly fall in love. After they have met only twice they decide to marry. Their love is so strong that Friar Lawrence predicts a bad ending and warns them with the words"These violent delights have violent ends and in their triumph die, like fire and powder" (Act 2, Scene 6). In the balcony scene Juliet also seems to see this as she says "It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden; too like lightning, which doth cease to cease to be ere one can say it lightens" (Act 2, Scene 2). The love however is so strong that it even survives them being split. Even though Romeo kills Juliet's cousin Tybalt she continues loving him, even defending him for his actions. She is willing to leave her family for this love and takes the drug to make her fall asleep. At last when they both think they have lost their love and no longer see a point in living. They sacrifice their life for their love. The love between Romeo and Juliet is the true and supposedly only love all the other aspects of love only show that this love is the only real one.
All the different aspects of love explored in this play are only weak shadows of the true love between Romeo and Juliet. The false love that Romeo feels or rather does not feel for Rosaline and how instantly he forgets it when he sees Juliet shows the purity of the true love. The view of love as a simply practical or physical thing shows how superior and elevated the true love is over the distorted image. The non-existent love in the family of the Capulets only once more emphasizes the strength of the bond that exists between Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet have become a symbol for true and pure love.
English Philipp Rüdiger
Romeo and Juliet 13.02.2005