global warming effects and solutions
ECE3779
Impacts of Global Warming and solutions
Report
Lecturer: Ming Liu
Student Name: Ip Wong
Student Number: 18556899
Friday Classes
Affections of Environment
Climate
The Earth is heating up! Climate models show that atmospheric temperatures will increase by between 1.5 and 4.5 C by the year 2100 if a "wait and see and do nothing" approach is adopted. The global temperature increase since the last ice age (10,000 years ago) has been about 5 C. Temperature and precipitation patterns in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, which appear to be becoming "more tropical." There is less of a difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures, and rainfall tends to more often come in intense bursts.
Oceans & sea level
Their first concern of global warming is causing the rise of sea levels.
Since oceans absorb more heat than land areas. The best-guess forecast of the IPCC for sea level rise is a global average of 3-10 millimeters per year. As more than 70 per cent of the world's population live on coastal plains, the potential for massive personal, economic and physical dislocation becomes clear.. Part of this comes from the expansion of water, as it was getting warm. Apart from the widespread melting of mountain glaciers. About 17 percent of the rise remains unexplained.
With a large number of the world's cities in coastal areas, this is a significant problem. There are two major causes of rising sea levels.
Firstly, extra water is produced when ice melts causing by warmer weather.
Secondly, the natural expansion of Ocean water as it becomes warmer. The range of sea ice around both poles continues to shrink and melts. Even with the level of greenhouse gases present today, by the scientist around the world estimated that the earth may warm enough in the next 50 years or so to completely melt the sea ice located on the poles.
Lands
As warmer oceans cause more intense storms. Damage from rising seas is very diverse. Buildings and roads close to the water could be flooded and they could suffer damage from hurricanes and tropical storms.
There are also effects on agricultural production and water resource. A slight increase of that would also be enough to make deserts hotter and drier or increased frequency of forest fires, or would melt a third or more of the world's mountain glaciers.
Since the mid 1980s an unprecedented number of intense fires have destroyed forests and homes across most continents For example: Sydney is ringed by fire as unusually prolonged hot, dry and windy conditions fuel more than 150 firestorms across the state of New South Wales.
Trees whose seeds are spread by birds may be able to spread at that rate. But other trees and plants whose seeds are carried by the wind, nor such nut-bearing trees such as oaks, are likely to spread by more than a few hundred feet per year.
Poor soils may also limit the rate at which tree species can spread north. Thus, the range over which a particular species is found may tend to be squeezed as southern areas become inhospitably hot. The net result is that some forests may tend to have a less diverse mix of tree species.
Water
Global warming also changes in rainfall, temperature, humidity and wind.
They are all likely "side effects" of global warming. are just a few of the elements that can effect the quality of water used for drinking, recreational and commercial purposes. In addition, seafood from contaminated water, or fresh produce irrigated with contaminated water, can carry disease.
In Australia, in the summer, rainfall increases of up to 5% per degree of global warming are predicted in southeast Australia and of up to 10% per degree of global warming elsewhere.
In the winter, three separate regions are identified: the models agree on an increase (of up to 5% per degree warming) in Tasmania, agree on a decrease (of up to 5%) in central and south Australia, or fail to agree (-5% to +5%) in eastern and southwest Australia.
The average global warming falls in the range of 0.6 K to 1.7 K by 2030. For example, the maximum increase of summer precipitation on the northeast coast will then range from 6% (0.6x10) to 17% (1.7x10). So lack of drinking water is becoming a problem.
Impacts on health
Weather has a profound effect on human health and well being. As average temperatures slowly rising up in coming decades. The effects of a warmer climate may begin to take a toll. Particularly those who cannot afford air conditioning, or are already physically weaker (elderly) are going to have a harsh life. During the hot summer of 1995, the frightening effects of high temperatures were felt in Chicago, when 700 people died as a result of heat-related problems.
Weather has a profound effect on human health and well-being. It has been demonstrated that weather is associated with changes in birth rates, and sperm counts, with outbreaks of pneumonia, influenza and bronchitis, and is related to other morbid dirty effects linked to pollen concentrations and high pollution levels.
Global warming is also expected to result in more extreme weather events, just like heavy storms and floods. Beyond a rise in weather related injuries and fatalities powerful storms. The secondary health impacts of extreme weather, such as bacterial illnesses resulting from damaged public facilities like having lack of clean drinking water and psychological problems from the mental stress of experiencing a natural disaster. Health problems will vary dramatically around the world.
Pest & disease
Moths, beetles and spiders might seem like innocuous household pests, but in a global warming world they have the potential to wreak havoc on crops, forests and human health. We are already seeing signs of pest population explosions:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are already 110 million cases of malaria and up to 2 million deaths from it worldwide each year.
Increases in temperatures are creating ideal mosquito-breeding conditions in new regions, including the USA, Australia, UK, Bangladesh, China and Egypt and continue spreading all around the world.
Our health is threatened by climate change. Malaria, asthma, encephalitis, tuberculosis, leprosy, dengue fever and measles are all expected to become more common through the world due to global warming.
Air
Air quality in many parts of the country ...
This is a preview of the whole essay
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are already 110 million cases of malaria and up to 2 million deaths from it worldwide each year.
Increases in temperatures are creating ideal mosquito-breeding conditions in new regions, including the USA, Australia, UK, Bangladesh, China and Egypt and continue spreading all around the world.
Our health is threatened by climate change. Malaria, asthma, encephalitis, tuberculosis, leprosy, dengue fever and measles are all expected to become more common through the world due to global warming.
Air
Air quality in many parts of the country is already considered unhealthy. With global warming adding to it, it's only going to get worse and worse.
No element of the natural world is more essential to life than air, and no environmental task more critical than keeping it cleans. Because electric power plants and motor vehicles are by far the biggest sources of air pollution, from lung damage to acid rain to global warming
Air pollution and heat advisory warnings should specifically target children and the elderly. For example, as air gets hotter, it mixes with sunlight and produces ozone smog, which damages human lungs, as well as trees and vegetation. A related problem is an inevitable increase in air-conditioning use. Power plant emissions will also increase if additional controls are not established.
Economic
Global warming would reduce global food production, increase prices and cause new uncertainties about food supplies. That means the demand for food will be higher than the demand of supply of food in the future caused by global warming. Significant declines in grain yields are forecast for Africa, tropical Latin America and much of India and Southeast Asia. Reduced yields are also projected for the USA, Canada, the Middle East, and southern Europe.
Global warming is big business. Some economists argue that a warmer climate could benefit certain crops and the farming communities. However, property insurers are predicting that worsening storms caused by global warming could eventually bankrupt the insurance industry. Insurance companies are now trying to form strategic alliances, and pool resources, which could cover severe economic loss from climatic changes.
The potential costs of cutting greenhouse gas emissions might sacrifice economic growth or our standard of living in challenging of climate change. By doing this we might need to change in behavior and investments in technology
In the short term, changes in economic activity that could impose costs on society. The costs of climate change reflect the magnitude of the emissions reduction, the timing of these reductions, and the means of implementation.
Solution
Government rule to protect the environment
Today, action is occurring at every level to reduce, to avoid, and to better understand the risks brought by climate change and their harmful affects. Many cities and states around the world have prepared greenhouse gas inventories; and many are actively pursuing programs, education, advertisement and policies that will result in greenhouse gas emission reductions. Encouraging people in recycle program and planting trees
There are countries like America introduced The Pew Center's policy program produces timely, independent, non-partisan analyses of climate change policy alternatives both in the United States and internationally. The Center seeks to advance the climate change debate by educating key decision-makers about policy options and encouraging the domestic and international community to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. To accomplish these objectives, the Pew Center publishes a number of analyses, including:
* A series of reports, focusing on effective and equitable policy alternatives both in the United States and abroad;
* A series of policy briefs, covering topics such as the key elements of a prospective U.S. climate change program and designing a climate-friendly energy policy;
* Working papers on topics such as linking U.S. and international climate change strategies; and
* Analyses of legislative and Administration proposals, such as President Bush's climate change plan.
New technology and products to minimize the affect
Human's activities to avoid the problem.
The world is undoubtedly warming. This warming is largely the result of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activities including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, such as deforestation.
Addressing climate change is no simple task. To protect ourselves, our economy, and our land from the adverse effects of climate change, we must reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. To achieve this we must fundamentally transform the way we power our global economy, shifting away from a century's legacy of unrestrained fossil fuel use and its associated emissions in pursuit of more efficient and renewable sources of energy. Such a transformation will require society to engage in a concerted effort, over the near and long-term, to seek out opportunities and design actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
In preventing these there are heaps of things that we can do, but the first and the most effective on is to purchase a fuel-efficient car (rated at 32 mpg or more) to replace your most frequently used automobile or leave your car at home (walk, bike instead). Insulate your home, clean your air conditioning filters and install energy efficient showerheads. Also install a solar heated system to provide your hot water. And that will protect the environment a lot. Recycle your home's waste newsprint, cardboard, glass and metal, then replace your current washing machine with a low-energy, low-water-use machine as it can save power and water and your cash. Buy food and other products with reusable or recyclable packaging instead of those in non-recyclable packaging. Replace your home's refrigerator with a high-efficiency model. Use an electric or push mower instead of a gasoline-powered mower to cut your lawn. Plant native, drought-resistant trees and shrubs around your home and outdoor air conditioning unit.
In further preventing global warming
We can buy energy efficient products and conserve energy at home and at work. Plant more trees and reduce, reuse and recycle. And make wise transportations choices
992 - before we began planting
and protecting
2002 - the same area after
planting and regeneration
Global Warming References
[1] Department of Energy. 1997 Fuel Economy Guide. Also Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
[2] Colburn, Cleo. Co-author of "Our Stolen Future." Taken from March 22, 1996 interview by Michael Krasny, Forum, KQED-FM in San Francisco.
[3] Keeling, Ralph, Stephen Piper, Martin Heimann. "Global and hemispheric carbon dioxide sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric oxygen concentration" Nature,Vol.381 May 16, 1996.
[4] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Climate Change 1995. Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation.
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[5] Karl, Thomas R. "Current Effects of Climate Change," An Ozone Action Roundtable. June 24, 1996.
[6] Trenberth, Kevin. "Current Effects of Climate Change." Ozone Action Roundtable, June 24, 1996
[7] Marland, Gregg and Angela Pippin. "United States Emissions of Carbon Dioxide to the Earth's Atmosphere by Economic Activity. " Oak Ridge National Laboratory.1990
[8] State of the World, 1997. A Worldwatch Institute Report, p.103 based on report by Jonathon Bailie and Brian Groombridge, eds., 1996 IUCN-World Conservation Union Red List of Threatened Animals (Cambridge:IUCN Publications Service Unit, 1996).
[9] San Francisco Chronicle, December 28, 1996
[10] World Wildlife Fund Climate Changes.....Our Health. A report by the WWF.
[11] "Race to Save the Planet" documentary. Narrated by Meryl Streep and Roy Scheider
[12] World Wildlife Fund......Bird Migration. A report by the WWF.
[13] United Nations information per San Francisco Chronicle June 20, 1997
[14] Stone, Richard. February 17, 1995. Science Vol. 267.
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[15] Allen, Scott. March 6 1995. Taken from article in The Boston Globe.
[16] Holstrom, David. "They're Bats, They're Back-This Time With Better PR" Christian Science Monitor, p.15 July 16, 1996.
[17] Cline, William R. 1992. "The Economics of Global Warming." Washington D.C. Institute for International Economics.
[18] World Wildlife Fund (WWF): "Explaining climate change/ a WWF overview of the new science."
[19] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Press Release, dated April 4, 1996. By Stephanie Kenitzer. (taken from NOAA web site).
[20] Climate Action Network report. "What's New About Global Warming."
[21] Marland, Gregg. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
[22] Rainforest Action Network. Press Release, October 16, 1996.
[23] Peters, Robert L. and Thomas E. Lovejoy, eds. 1992. Global Warming and Biological Diversity. New Haven, Conn. Yale University Press
[24] Ganeshram, Raja S., Thomas F. Pedersen, Stephen E.Calvert, James W. Murray. "Large changes in oceanic nutrient inventories from glacial to interglacial periods." Nature, p. 755 August 31. 1995
[25] Oltmans, S.J and D.J. Hofmann. Nature. Vol. 374. March 9, 1995. p. 146.
[26] Woodwell, G.M. "Current Effects of Climate Change," Ozone Action Roundtable. June 24, 1996
[27] The United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. "The Potential Effects of Climate Change on the United States" (Joel B. Smith and Dennis Tirpak, eds.) Washington, D.C.
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[28] State of the World, 1996. A Worldwatch Institute Report.
[29] Hastenrath, S., and P.D. Kruss, February 1992. Greenhouse indicators in Kenya. Nature. Volume 355. p.503-504.
[30] Thompson, E.M., "Current Effects of Climate Change," Ozone Action Roundtable. June 24, 1996.
[31] National Climate Data Center (NOAA) Technical Report 9701.May 20, 1997.
[32] Taken from an Associated Press article reported in the San Francisco Chronicle, December 10, 1996.
[33] Taken from an article in the San Francisco Chronicle, December 12, 1997 originating in the New York Times by Keith Bradsher.
[34] "Geochemical Consequences of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Coral Reefs," Joan A.Kleypas et al., Science, April 2, 1999.
[35] Warrick, Joby, "Hot Year Was Killer for Coral," Washington Post, March 5, 1999. Wilkinson et al., "Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts of 1998 Coral Mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO Impact and a Warning of Future Change?" Ambio, March 1999.
[36] Cowen, Robert C., "How Hurricanes May Add to Global Warming," Christian Science Monitor, September 3, 1998.
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[37] Pierce, Fred. "That Sinking Feeling," New Scientist, October 23, 1999.
[38] Focus, World Wildlife Fund, March/April issue, 2000.
[39] Pimental, Benjamin, Chronicle South Bay Bureau, San Francisco Chronicle, January 22, 1997, p.A14.
[40] New York Times, November 17, 1999
[41] Washington Post article of May 30, 2000 based on report in the journal, Science, May 26, 2000.
[42] Perlman, David, San Francisco Chronicle, May 31, 2000 based largely on report in the jounal Science, May 26, 2000.
[43] Talk of the Nation/Science Friday, December 17, 1999. Excerpt and quotes based on comments by Alan Robock, Professor of Climatology, Rutgers University.
[44] Braasch, Gary, Photo Essay, "As the World Warms," The Amicus Journal, Summer 2000, p.34.
[45] Newman, Steve, Earth Week, "Global Warming Victims," Los Angeles Times Syndicate, October 24, 1998.
[46] Newman, Steve, Earth Week, "Moose Starvation," Los Angeles Times Syndicate, January 18, 1999.
[47] Greenpeace web site, Information downloaded January 26, 2000.
[48] World Wildlife Fund Focus Newsletter, March 2000.
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[49] New Scientist, "Forests Turn to Dust," May 6, 2000.
[50]U.S Global Change Research Program
[51] Report titled 'Confronting Climate Change in California' by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) and The Ecological Society of America, 1999 p.17, published by UCS Publications, Cambridge, MA.
[52] Gary Braasch, photo-essay, As the World Warms, Natural Resources Defense Council's Amicus Journal, Summer 2000, p.34.
[53] Report on the melting of Greenland ice sheet, Science, lead author, William B. Krabill, July 21, 2000, taken from articles by the Associated Press and Washington Post's Curt Suplee .
[54] Based on a compilation of scientific sources found in World Watch Institute's Vital Signs 2000 report p.126.
[55] State of the World, 1997. A Worldwatch Institute Report, p.13 based on press release by World Conservation Union-IUCN, "Animals in the Red: Mounting Evidence of Jeopardy to World's Species," Washington, D.C, October 3, 1996.
[56] Sierra Club, reported in the San Francisco Examiner, article by Jane Kay, p.C-1
[57] Richard Monastersky, "Sea Change in the Arctic," Science News, February 13, 1999 via Worldwatch Institute's State of the World 2000 p25.
[58] "Warnings from the Wild," documentary on global warming, produced by Jeremy Bristow, a BBC production in association with PBS (circa 2000).
[59] Science, September 15, 2000. Study of high altitude ice fields, led by Lonnie G. Thompson, including Ellen Mosley-Thompson.
[60] Natural Resources Defense Council, Amicus Journal, Fall 2000 issue, p.9
[61] Natural Resources Defense Council, Amicus Journal, Fall 2000 issue p.9
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[62] ABC News.com, 'Coral Reefs Disappearing,' by Daniel Cooney (Associated Press), October 23, 2000.
[63] Anchorage Daily News, Byline: Jon Little; Daily News Peninsula Bureau, Beetles' Reach Declines; Area Has Fewer Trees for Instects, April 7, 1999
[64] New York Times, Canada's 'Gentle Giants' Await Vanishing Winter', article by James Brooke, November 12, 2000.
[65] Reuters, Global Warming Seen Doubling Heat Deaths by 2020, November 21, 2000.
[66] CNN Web site, Future energy shortages predicted, July 28, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/US/9907/28/power.crunch.crisis/
[67] Los Angeles Times, Global Warming Threat Real to Pacific Island, article by John-Thor Dahlburg, November 25, 2000.
[68] CNN.com, Heat Waves likely to bring more rolling blackouts, article by Greg LaMotte, http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/07/01/power.grid.crisis/index.html, July 1, 2000.
[69] Robert T. Watson, chairman, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, see http://www.ipcc.ch/press/sp-cop6-2.htm.
[70] San Francisco Examiner, article by Geoffrey Lean of the London Independent: Report: Massive flooding just a preview, November 7, 1999.
[71] See report by the Alliance for Safe Energy, June, 2000. Web site: http://www.ase.org/media/newsrel/press.htm#Tips526
[72] NOAA web site: see http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s412.htm, April 18, 2000.
[73] Robert Watson, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1.5 degrees to 6 degrees Centigrade equals 2.7 to 10.8 degrees Fahrenheit. http://www.ipcc.ch/press/sp-cop6-2.htm (Go to 2nd paragraph).
[74] Report by Dr. Thomas Karl: Global Warming and Changes in Flood Potential, January 6, 1997, Report by National Climatic Data Center, NOAA
[75] Ozone Action Roundtable: Current Effects of Climate Change, June 24, 1996.
[76] Environmental Protection Agency. see web site: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/stateimp/newyork/index.html
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[77] Scientific American, May, 1997 issue. Report by researchers, Thomas Karl (NCDC), Neville Nicholls (Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Center and Jonathon Gregory (Hadley Centre of the U.K Meteorological Office)
[78] Excerpt from essay by Dr. James Hansen, Global Warming, Playing Dice, and Berenstain Bears. See website http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/intro/hansen.08/
[79] Ozone Action Roundtable: Current Effects of Climate Change, June 24, 1996. Statement by George M. Woodwell.
[80] Quotation taken from transcript of President Clinton's radio address of July 25, 1998. Reference deleted from EPA website.
[81] During the Vice-President debates, Joseph Lieberman mentioned this interesting statistic.October 5, 2000
[82] Quotation taken from Environmental News Service article entitiled Evidence of Rapid Global Warming Accepted by 99 Nations, January 22, 2001.
[83] United Nations Environmental Programme press release, February 7, 2001.
[84] Definitions courtesy of Lars Kullerud, Polar Program Manager, UNEP/GRID-Arendal.
[85] Professor Lonnie Thompson, of Ohio State University, made these comments at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Francisco, February 18, 2001. Taken from Environmental News Service, February 20, 2001 publication.
[86] Talk of the Nation, February 23, 2001, Hosted by Ira Flatow, Guests Professor Lonnie Thompson, Ohio State University; Doug Hardy research scientist, University of Massachusetts; Professor James McCarthy, Harvard.
[87] Joan A. Kleypas et al., "Geochemical Consequences of Increased Carbon Dioxide on Coral Reefs," Science, April 2, 1999. Excerpt taken from State of the World 2000 p.32.published by WorldWatch Institute.
[88] Taken from United Nations Environment Programme Press Release Tuesday, February 20, 2001 http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=192&ArticleID=2775
[89] EPA Global Warming: Impacts-Coastal Zones http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/coastal/
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[90] GCCRIO, National Assessment http://www.gcrio.org/NationalAssessment/overpdf/overview.html
[91] Taken from article by Curt Suplee of the Washington Post; appeared in the December 3, 1999 San Francisco Chronicle, titled 'Arctic Ice Melting Rapidly, Study Finds'. Study appeared in the December 3 Science journal by researchers headed by Konstantin Y. Vinnikov of the University of Maryland.
[92] Taken from United Nations Environment Programme Press Release of February 19, 2001
http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=192&ArticleID=2775
[93] Taken from Global Warming, Early Warning Signs map produced by Union of Concerned Scientists, Sierra Club, NRDC, World Wildlife Fund, USPIRG, World Resources Institute, Envirnomental Defense Fund.
[94] John Houghton et al, Stabilization of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: Physical, Biological and Socio-Economic Implications, IPCC Technical Paper 3; See Vital Signs 1998 p.66; one-fourth global carbon emissions, see Vital Signs 1999.
[95] San Francisco Examiner article by Geoffrey Lean of the London/Independent (November 7, 1999).
[96] Nature Conservancy Magazine, September/October 2001 edition, article titled A Sea Change by Carol Goodstein.
[97] Environmental News Network, Thursday, July 19, 2001 By Reuters
[98] Taken from article appearing in the San Francisco Chronicle on July 29, 2001. \
[99] New York Times, Canada's 'Gentle Giants' Await Vanishing Winter', article by James Brooke, November 12, 2000.
[100] See this website: Environmental News Service, January 15, 2001 article: See also Environmental News Service, March 19, 2001 article. See Bali Conference on Coral: http://www.nova.edu/ocean/9icrs/liveweb.html
[101] United Nations Environment Programme web site: http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=192&ArticleID=2763
[102]USEPA See EPA web site: < http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/coastal/index.html >.
[103] San Francisco Chronicle article by Keay Davidson, Cold Northern Forests Face Burning Threat, Global Warming Blamed for Huge Fires, December 18, 2000.
[104] Environmental News Network, September 6, 2001, Reuters article by Ed Cropley.
[105] Science Journal, Energy: Exploiting Wind Versus Coal, article by Stanford scientists, Mark Z. Jacobson and Gilbert M. Masters, August 24, 2001.
[106] Environmental News Network, July 12, 2001, Reuter's article by Michael Kahn, Officials predict long, hot U.S. wildfire season.
[107] Environmental News Service, August 27, 2001 article titled Wildfires Send Tons of Mercury Up in Smoke.
Note: Some website links may have been discontinued
[108] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2001); see http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mngfs.html.
[109] Associated Press article by John Heilprin, November 10, 2001.
[110] BBC News Online, More stormy seas ahead? by Helen Briggs Thursday, 16 November, 2000. See
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1025000/1025455.stm.
[111] Environmental News Network, December 13, 2001, Reuters article by Andrew Quinn, Scientists see threat of abrupt world climate.
[112] Environmental News Service, AmeriScan December 20, 2001, WARMER CLIMATE COULD DISRUPT WATER SUPPLIES.
[113] Environmental News Service, February 19, 2002, article by Cat Lazaroff, titled Global Warming Effects on Sea Level Underestimated.
[114] Environmental News Network (Reuters), June 7, 2002, Global warming blamed for melting Everest glacier.
[115] Environmental News Service, June 5, 2002, Climate Change Depletes Ozone Layer http://ens-news.com/ens/jun2002/2002-06-05-09.asp#anchor3.
[116] San Francisco Chronicle, December 23, 2002, Global Warming Evidence Mounts, page A8.
[117] San Francisco Chronicle, January 7, 2003, article by Keay Davidson, The Sky is slowly rising, scientists say, page A2.
[118] Copyright 2002 National Geographic, May 16, 2003, article by James Owen in England for National Geographic News.
[119] Source: Bert Metz et al., eds., Climate Change 2001: Mitigation, Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 3-5.
[120] Source: Sierra Club magazine, article by Paul Rauber, July/August 2003 issue.
[121] Source: Impact of Climate Change on Permafrost in Canada M.W.Smith, K.Henry, D.W.Riseborough, Carleton University, Ottawa. See web site: http://www.carleton.ca/~msmith2/default.htm
[122] Scientific American Frontiers production of Hot Time in Alaska showed on PBS June 15, 2004.
