Key waste disposal issues
As levels of waste in a community increase the amenity (or liveability) of that community declines. Waste therefore needs to be disposed of in ways which minimise its negative impacts. Much of the waste humans produce is not biodegradable (or decomposable). Even with increased public awareness of waste issues and a greater level of general recycling, Australia’s level of per capita waste grew by approximately 30 per cent between 1998 and 2002. Australia’s major waste disposal issues are outlined below.
Solid Waste and limited landfills
Disposing of solid waste such as household garbage and industrial by-products has traditionally involved dumping it in a landfill (commonly referred to as a tip).The use of landfills as a waste disposal method does however present a number of environment management problems. Finding new and appropriate landfill sites is becoming much more difficult and the concept of a landfill itself it not sustainable as it will not last forever.
Liquid waste and polluted waterways
Sewage effluent (run-off) and other household waste that is produced, for example by dishwashing and car washing detergents are all categorised as liquid waste. Liquid waste is also produced by industrial processes and can include toxic chemicals. Most liquid wastewater is disposed of in coastal regions and only about one per cent is recycled. Proposals to introduce domestic wastewater recycling systems to service urban areas are currently receiving much more attention in Australia as the problems of liquid waste disposal and availability of drinking water supplies are simultaneously presenting for residents in many parts of the country.
Gaseous waste and air pollution
Our increasing levels of energy consumption have also resulted in higher levels of atmospheric waste mainly in the form of harmful greenhouse gases. Although this type of waste may not be as visible as solid or liquid waste, air pollutants pose no less threat to humans. Australia does not boast a good track record when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions which are mainly due to the fact that coal, oil and natural gas are our three major sources of energy. All of these naturally occurring non-renewable resources are contributors to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Hazardous waste
Sometimes referred to as toxic waste hazardous waste is that which requires special handling when being disposed of because of the threat it poses to humans and the environment. Nuclear waste is an example of hazardous waste. Much of the controversy surrounding the use of nuclear energy has arisen because there is still no know effective way of disposing of the radioactive waste generated. Mismanagement of this type of waste can be detrimental to living organisms.