The title is consistent with both of these recommendations as it informs the reader that the study is a controlled trial to compare the ability of foam swabs and toothbrushes to remove dental plaque. This essay from www.coursework.info
Two researchers, both of who are highly qualified, wrote the article. One is currently working in a nursing field and this is good because it is a nursing issue, and the other researcher works within the academic field. This helps to provide theory/practice balance within the study. Castles (1997) suggests that nurses probably best conduct research, as they know more than others about nursing variables. VhuJGE from VhuJGE coursewrok VhuJGE work VhuJGE info VhuJGE
"The Journal of Advanced Nursing" has published the article. Parahoo (1997) feels that this is a prestigious academic journal, which is read by both academics and practitioners. The Journal is also refereed- that is, experts who decide if they are of a standard sutiable for publication scrutinize the articles. This assists greatly in giving credibility and value to the article. It is also an up-to-date publication. Carstens suppressed xxsabrinaxx's realism .
The purpose of an abstract is to provide readers with information from which they can decide if the article would be on interest to them. It should briefly state the aim of the study, the design, including the method, sample, samplings and main findings Parahoo (1997). 1lu6JS from 1lu6JS coursewrok 1lu6JS work 1lu6JS info 1lu6JS
In this study an expansion of the general themes and condensation of the main report is given and the reader is able to make an informed choice about the relevance of the article for their purpose. It has been identified as a quantitative study and clearly outlines the research question to be answered. Random allocation would have been preferable as has been suggested, but alternative allocation was convenient, and the lack of period and carry over effects shows that it is effective for this evaluation. A sample number of 34 volunteers are stated. Method of sampling and main findings also has been identified.coge ger segegew orge gek inge foge ge:
In the introduction, the researchers discuss the concept of mouth care and the tools commonly used to achieve the best outcome for the patient/client. They suggest that one tool that is the foam swab most commonly used in the United Kingdom since 1970's, and despite repeated and longstanding efforts to improve practice of mouth care given by nurses, they remain in use today. The researchers would like to measure the effectiveness' of the foam swab at removing dental plaque when compared with the effect of the toothbrush.coda dar sedadaw orda dak inda foda da!
Few nursing studies have aimed to determine the effectiveness of different mouth care tools, and replication from a previous study done in 1996 suggested that the success of a toothbrush is affected by user technique and that the foam swabs are not able to remove plaque from some sheltered area of teeth, thus establishing the rationale for the study, using more people in this trial. ofGsLTJ Visit coursework cb in cb fo cb for cb more cours cb Do cb not cb redistribute ofGsLTJ
A literature review serves to put the current study into the context of what is already known about the phenomenon Parahoo (1997). The literature reviewed comes from primary sources, which is also shown by a previous study carried out by Pearson (1996), which are both empirical and scientific in origin, and therefore can underpin and inform decisions made in the context of planning and delivering care. The review is comprehensive and successful in summarizing, by comparing various views. Although mouth care is a complex concept, which uses knowledge from a variety of sources, evidence for the ability of foam swabs to clean tooth surfaces by removing dental plaque is limited. Decisions regarding what tools and actions are likely to achieve the best outcome for patients are what the researchers are seeking to measure in their trial.cofe fer sefefew orfe fek infe fofe fe:
It has already been identified that the controlled trial is quantitative in nature, which is concerned with the measurement of the phenomena. Quasi-experiment design was used, using the manipulation of independent variable and control, two of the key features in nursing research. The design did not have randomisation. It is a time-series cross-over controlled trial with 34 volunteers. A non-random sample was used as volunteers were recruited to the study, thus making it a non-probability sample. Randomisation of individuals was not essential as identified in the experiment because each person acted as their own control, although randomisation would have been the preferred choice. The lack of randomisation can make it more difficult to be certain that any differences between groups are the result of the experimental variable Polit and Hungler (1997).cocg cgr secgcgw orcg cgk incg focg cg!
The time-series design can help to overcome some of the problems attributed to the one-group pre-test/post test design. It involves the collection of data over a period of time with observations made both before and after the intervention. The consistency of the pre-observation results followed by a change in this trend after the intervention strengthens the prediction that the intervention is responsible for the change. Although quasi-experimental designs lack the control of a true experiment, they remain of value in nursing research. It is however essential that the researcher considers the validity- that includes the internal validity, which is necessary to ensure the results are a consequence of manipulation of the independent variable, and the external validity, which considers the generalisability of the results Polit and Hungler (1997).coag agr seagagw orag agk inag foag ag!
The allocation of subjects to groups can also give rise to bias as could be suggested in this trial due to the subjects being mostly staff and students which therefore were known to one of the researchers. An exclusion criterion of people who did not have there upper and lower front teeth were excluded from the study and the tools used were from well-known companies, which could suggest bias. One of the strengths of a time-series is that the measurements over a period of time give a more accurate representation of the phenomena, its main weakness however is that the period of time required for the measurements increases the opportunity for extraneous variables to creep in Polit and Hungler (1997). This coursework from www.coursework.info
The validity of findings is determined by checks on biases and extraneous variables as identified above. For its findings to be generalisable to other similar populations and settings, especially for the writer in the speciality of oncology where mouth care is essential, the study must have external validity. The external validity of this study to which findings could be applied would require careful application in the nursing practice. The writer is interested in the oncology setting, which would mean to teach effective tooth brushing skills to nurses so that they could be used in situations where teeth must be cleaned on behalf of the patient. The input of a dental hygienist to teach was identified in the trial.cofa far sefafaw orfa fak infa fofa fa;
The study was designed to assess whether there is a difference between the ability of a foam swab and a toothbrush to remove dental plaque. Johnson and Johnson Patient Care Limited supplied the toothbrushes as was previously mentioned, this could suggest bias, as the company would also have an interest in the study but this was not suggested in the experiment. It is a controlled study; voulunteers were recruited to the trial via an open seminar, personal invitation, and notice boards and also by personal referral after talking with the people who had already taken part in the study. This highlights a convenient sample, as it was mainly staff and students. The researcher does mention that a previous study was carried out before with two people one being the researcher herself Pearson (1996).coff ffr seffffw orff ffk inff foff ff;
Chosen approach was deductive and the research question was addressed and there did not appear to be a problem using alternate allocation of participations to a group. In this study the participants acted as their own control therefore randomisation was not essential.codc dcr sedcdcw ordc dck indc fodc dc.
Ethics is an important part of nursing and nursing research. It is an area in which the specialist practitioner is involved daily, particularly in the field of cancer care. Issues relating to the study design, recruitment of participants, feedback and data collection methods were all subjected to the scrutiny of a departmental ethics committee and approval was obtained. There are ethical issues in all research and the researchers have considered and included this in the report. As participants contacted the researchers themselves it can be assumed that the sample were not influenced or coerced into entering the study. Carstens denied xxsabrinaxx's structuration idea.
Descriptive statistical analysis was used as this type of statistics answers descriptive questions and summarizes data. It involved tables, analysis of variables and paired t- tests to analyse the data after checking the distribution of the scores. This was included in the study; all factors, which make up quantitative research as supported by Polit and Hungler (1997). For quantitative data, appropiate statistical tests should be used and statistical analysis correctly performed. This writing from www.coursework.info
The writer would draw from this study that the results have addressed the aims of the article and are both informative and detailed. The researchers showed no evidence of bias in the interpretation of results. The aim was to quantify any differences found and the outcome of the trial verified the findings of the previous experiment. Parahoo (1997) is an advocate of comparing findings with other studies. The researchers have adopted this style and shown their findings to compare favourably with those of other studies. Pearson and Hutton (2002) suggest that the findings of their controlled trial can be generalised to a wider population because of the magnitude and direction of the differences measured. There were also implications for nurse education.coaf afr seafafw oraf afk inaf foaf af;
The main recommendations arising from this study suggest that the nurse must keep herself knowledge up to date, be responsible for the assessment of patients needs ans act as an advocate and educator for the patient. These recommendations are in keeping with the competencies of specialist practice in which the specialist practitioner must be able to assess and identify patients needs, apply evidence based knowledge to practice, implement and evaluate their goals and outcome of care and their role of teacher and researcher. She must also be responsible for her own professional development. The researcher has identified staff need supported in developing mouth care and assessment strategies, which include choice of effective tools. This paper from www.coursework.info
Overall the article was interesting with clear aims and use of appropriate methodology. The sample was non-random and therefore non-probability consistent with the quasi-experimental design of quantative research. The design was a time series cross over controlled trial with 34 volunteers, and using descriptive statistics which were appropriate and common tests to analyse the data. vhi49u Visit coursework bb in bb fo bb for bb more essay bb Do bb not bb redistribute vhi49u
From the study it emerged that toothbrushes could remove plaque from the sites studied, if used effectively and that foam swabs could not remove plaque, which had accumulated in sheltered areas. The writer in her opinion suggests that foam swabs have a role to play in mouth care especially in the palliative care setting and that toothbrushes used correctly would no doubt remove plaque but each tool has a role to play in keeping the mouth clean and moist.cogb gbr segbgbw orgb gbk ingb fogb gb:
All qualified nurses must develop competency critical evaluation of research. According to Hek (1996) it must be evident that nursing care provided is based on quality research - based evidence wherever it is able. Most significantly, because research is published in a journal does not guarantee that it is reliable and appropriate for clinical practice. Assessing critical evaluation skills takes time and practice and working along side other nurses can make the process more effective. This will ensure that the highest possible standard for evidence-based practice is provided for patient.