Urban violence
- General characteristic of this time period was urban violence in form of riots/civil unrest. Problem was so bad that elections could not be held in 53-52. Law/order was breaking down, and Senate could not stop it.
- Example:
- Tribune Clodius arranged gangs to terrorise enemies of triumvirs of FT.
- Pompey arranged his own rival gang, led by tribune Milo. Milo’s gang murdered Clodius.
- Widespread rioting in Rome in this period.
- Problem was so bad that Senate passed Senatus consultum ultimum, giving Pompey sole consulship of 52 to deal with disorder.
Role of optimates, populares
Optimates
- Were conservative group in Senate.
- It was optimate Cato who blocked Pompey’s attempts to ratify his eastern settlement and Crassus’ rebate for the tax farmers. Also opposed Caesar’s election to consulship.
- Optimates drove these men into forming FT by blocking their attempts to pass laws. Later, the optimates convinced Pompey to side with them, which effectively forced Caesar into civil war.
Populares
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Populares was politician/political faction which relied on support of the people. Populares were opposed to optimates, and used assemblies to achieve their political powers.
- Caesar was a populares, and Pompey sided with populares in order to gain his extraordinary commands.
Caesar and Pompey: political competition and responsibility for the outbreak of Civil War, 49-45 BC
- Senate hoped that powerful generals could be controlled by political competition, believing each would be willing to act for Senate if it advanced them politically. This political competition between Pompey/Caesar as well as breakdown of FT and actions of Senate led to civil war.
- Caesar was concerned about his command in Gaul; he wanted consulship for 48 and then be given five-year command.
- In 52, law (by Pompey in his sole consulship) said that five years had to elapse between magistracy and provincial commands, and that all candidates must appear in person at elections. This affected Caesar → he wanted to be immediately re-elected without returning to Rome; otherwise, would be prosecuted for illegal actions during consulship of 59.
- Caesar attempted to compromise with Senate in December 50, offering to give up Transalpine Gaul and lay down his command if Pompey did. The consuls rejected his offer and declared him a public enemy.
- In January 49, Caesar crossed Rubicon and started Civil War.
Caesar
- Caesar was legally responsible, as crossing the Rubicon was treasonable act.
- In 59 → had committed illegal acts. Demand for an extension of his proconsulship was an effort to evade impeachment for these acts; if he stood trial, would be condemned.
- Caesar’s agent Clodius brought about unrest through urban violence and attacked Pompey.
- Caesar felt Civil War was not of his making; forced to choose between self-defence and political extinction.
- Caesar believed he was defending his dignitas and rights of tribunes. Also felt he was liberating Rome from a faction.
Pompey
- Pompey had held many irregular or unconstitutional positions in the past but now blocked Caesar’s similar demands; was acting hypocritically.
- Compromising with Caesar would have meant accepting him as an equal; Pompey may not have been prepared to do this.
- Allowed himself to be turned against Caesar by Senate, who persuaded him not to reconcile with Caesar.
- Pompey felt he was essential to Roman Republic, and that his dignitas was enhanced by being called to save the state.
Senate
- Optimates were determined to destroy Caesar for his actions in 59. Caesar was forced into the position he was in during 50-49 by optimate senators; however, senators misjudged his strength/support.
- Senate persuaded Pompey to reject Caesar’s attempts at reconciliation.
- Senate feared Caesar and tried to limit his power by stopping him becoming consul and not extending his command in Gaul.
Significance of Caesar’s dictatorship
- Caesar held dictatorship four times:
- 49 → for 11 days, when he ended debt problem in Rome.
- 48 → for one year. Pacified the east, relieved the rent crisis in Rome and pardoned his captured enemies.
- 46 → for 10 years. During this time he enacted number of reforms.
- 44 → made dictator for life (perpetual dictatorship).
- Most significant result of Caesar’s dictatorship → many Romans feared he would turn his perpetual dictatorship into a monarchy, which many Romans did not want. As a result, a conspiracy was formed; Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44.
2. Wars and Expansion
Pompey’s Extraordinary Commands and the Eastern Settlement
Pompey’s rise to power/breakdown of Sullan constitution
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83 → Pompey raised an army to support Sulla against Marius. Was granted propraetorian imperium for the command of army; was not only far below required age for extraordinary command but had also never served in public office. First violation of Sulla’s constitution of many.
- Pompey held this command for further 2 years while he fought Marian supporters in Sicily/Africa. Once he returned, demanded triumph; Sulla refused as was in violation of his own restatement of lex Villia Annalis (law which set minimum age for cursus honorum). However Sulla eventually gave in; undermined his own constitution by granting Pompey’s triumph. Sulla died in 78.
Revolt of Lepidus
- Lepidus raised army in revolt in 77, when he was proconsul of Gaul. Senate passed consultum ultimum, which declared Lepidus public enemy. Pompey sided with Senate who reluctantly granted him propraetorian imperium to help Catulus quash Lepidus’ revolt.
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Once Lepidus was defeated, many of his supporters fled to Sardinia to join Sertorius, a rebel Roman leader. Pompey again delayed disbanding his army in the hope the Senate would send him to Spain to help Metellus defeat Sertorius. The Senate → no choice, granted Sulla proconsular imperium → bigger bestowment of power than before.
Campaign against Sertorius, Spain, 77-72
- Sertorius was populares who had fought against Sulla with Marius; was sent to Spain during civil war. Once Marius was defeated, Sulla sent various generals to depose him; however, Sertorius achieved victory time and again. Pompey arrived in 76 but lost two major battles to Sertorius.
- Pompey was running short of supplies and warned Senate war could spread to Italy if did not receive additional help; Pompey received two additional legions, allowed him to maintain pressure on Sertorius.
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Many of Romans who joined Sertorius became jealous of his power → Perpena, an associate. Sertorius was murdered in 72 at a banquet; conspiracy was organised by Perpena. Perpena took power but was defeated and executed in 71 by Pompey.
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Pompey → credit for defeat of rebel forces; however, without murder of Sertorius, is doubtful this would have happened. Pompey also gained reputation for being diplomatic/humane → treatment of Spanish once they had been defeated.
Slave uprising led by Spartacus, 73-71
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73 → slave uprising led by gladiators/slaves, led by Thracian gladiator Spartacus. Pompey was in Spain at time → did not encounter Spartacus until end of uprising.
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Crassus, praetor of 73, sent to deal with Spartacus → given either propraetorian or proconsular command.
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Pompey arrived back in 71 → officially associated with extraordinary commands assigned to Crassus. Crassus had done bulk of campaigning, yet Pompey received credit → Pompey awarded 2nd triumph while Crassus only received ovation.
- Crassus/Pompey agreed to work together for consulship of 70; both men waited with their armies outside Rome to gain consulship. Decree passed in Senate which exempt Pompey from age restrictions, as was still 7 years too young.
Piracy and lex Gabinia
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Piracy was big problem in Eastern Mediterranean → pirates captured cities, sacked/plundered religious sanctuaries and caused general mayhem on Italian coastline.
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At first, Roman govt. turned blind eye to pirates’ activities; wealthy landowners were making large profit from slave trade used by pirates. However, pirates eventually became significant problem → govt. forced to do something.
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Aulus Gabinius (hence lex Gabinia) proposed extraordinary command to get rid of pirates; Gabinius was friend of Pompey. Gabinius proposed man of consular rank be given 3-year imperium to campaign anywhere in Mediterranean, and in all Roman provinces up to 50 miles inland. Commander would be able to utilise as much money as needed from treasury, and have ability to recruit soldiers/sailors.
- In Senate, only Caesar spoke in favour of bill; however it was Assembly who decided. Voted for lex Gabinia, but also granted greater powers than proposed; Pompey was given command of 500 ships, 120,000 troops and 5000 cavalry.
- Within 40 days, Pompey had cleared whole Western half of Mediterranean of pirates. Many others fled or surrendered, and campaign against pirates was over in less than 3 months.
Mithridates and lex Manilia (proposed by tribune Manilius)
- Mithridates used distraction of Sertorius, Spartacus and pirates to rebuild his power/resources. Formed alliance with son-in-law Tigranes and attacked Roman province of Bithynia.
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Lucullus waged lengthy campaign against Mithridates; by 68 had driven the pair into Armenia and defeated their combined forces. However, was criticised for prolonging Mithridatic war for what was seen as his own benefit.
- Pompey was obvious choice for replacement of Lucullus; success against pirates had benefited Roman commerce and was likely to be little resistance from Senate.
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Caesar/Cicero spoke in favour of appointing Pompey → bill was passed.
Pompey’s Eastern Settlement
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Pompey’s subsequent military successes against Mithridates/Tigranes largely based on hard campaigning of Lucullus before him; resources of Mithridates/Tigranes was severely depleted by Lucullus and so posed no real threat. 63 → Mithridates died.
- Results of Eastern Settlement:
- Added western Pontus to Bithynia; annexed territory of the Seleucids and added parts of Judaea to form province of Syria; enlarged existing province of Cilicia.
- United area under Roman control by fostering growth of cities of Hellenistic type.
- In order to protect Roman provinces from future threats from powerful kingdom of Parthia, Pompey organised large number of client-states; were independent but maintained friendly relations with Rome.
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Tigranes → left in possession of Armenia and also received Western Mesopotamia.
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Pharnaces (son of Mithridates) → permitted to keep European possessions.
- Other states included Cappadocia, Armenia Minor, etc.
The Benefits of Pompey’s Eastern Settlement
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Pompey’s Eastern settlement once again showed Pompey’s outstanding ability as organiser, administrator and diplomat.
Pompey’s Return to Rome
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Optimates were deeply concerned about return of Pompey; some were in fear he would march on Rome. However, Pompey disbanded his army peacefully; they would only be called back to celebrate his 2nd triumph.
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Pompey’s triumph was on huge scale → went for two days. Triumph was celebration usually granted to great general after long career and many successes; Pompey was in early-40s and was granted two.
Caesar’s Military Activities in Gaul, Germany and Britain
Caesar’s Gallic Campaigns 58-50 BC
Significance of the Mithridatic and Parthian Wars
Mithridatic War
- Mithridates VI was king of Pontus, region on southern coast of Black Sea. Was Rome’s greatest threat between 88-63 BC, during which Rome fought three wars against him.
- Mithridates aimed to take advantage of power vacuum in Asia Minor and build himself an empire in the region.
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Full-scale war broke out when Mithridates invaded Bithynia, which had been willed to Rome in 75 by Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia. Rome sent proconsul Lucullus to the area in 74. During the period 74-68, Lucullus defeated Mithridates, invaded Armenia and took its capital.
- However, Lucullus’ soldiers mutinied, and was attacked in Rome by equestrians, who disapproved of his reorganisation of finances of cities in Asia. Some believed he was prolonging the war.
- Lex Manilia in 66 gave Pompey the Mithridatic command. This gave Pompey the right to make war/peace on whomsoever he chose.
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Significance of Mithridatic war → Pompey’s eastern settlement.
This settlement demonstrated Pompey’s skills as organiser, administrator and diplomat.
Brought benefits for Rome → added 480 million sesterces to Roman treasury, which raised Rome’s tribune by 70%.
Brought peace to the east.
Increase in Pompey’s support/prestige.
Parthian War
Crassus’ Parthian War
- Crassus was interested in war against Parthia because it would prove he was a military leader like Pompey/Caesar.
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54 → Crassus invaded Parthia with 35,000 men.
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53 → invaded again but was defeated and killed at Carrhae. Of 40,000 Romans, only 10,000 survived.
- This Parthian war was significant as it precipitated breakdown of FT.
Caesar/Antony’s Parthian War
- Caesar was about to go to war against Parthia when he was assassinated. However, Parthian problems continued:
- In 41 and 40 BC, Antony faced invasion by Parthia.
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39 → Antony attacked the Parthians in Armenia.
- During 39-38, Parthians were cleared from Syria.
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37 → Antony invaded Parthia but was forced to retreat after losing 17,000 men.
- After this defeat, Antony needed cash/reinforcements for his Parthian campaigns. He had two offers; one from his wife, Octavia (sister of Octavian) as well as Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Antony accepted Cleopatra’s help, but not Octavia’s.
- When Antony had minor success in Parthia in 34, celebrated splendid triumph; however, was in Alexandria, not Rome. This, combined with refusal of Octavia’s help, was an insult to Rome, and resulted in propaganda campaign against Antony.
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Octavian made sure these activities were received badly → support for Antony weakened.
3. Fall of the Republic
Impact of Caesar’s Assassination
- Death of Caesar in 44 did not end turmoil in Rome; the people were angry at the assassination, which did not have the desired effect of returning Rome to a republic.
- Antony was placed in position of immense power as consul.
- Caesar’s will was read, which named Octavian as his heir. In addition, each Roman received three gold pieces and Caesar’s gardens were made into a public park.
- Public funeral was approved by Senate; Antony’s presentation of Caesar’s blood-soaked toga and will enraged the people, who turned against Senate with aid of Caesarian soldiers.
- Brutus/Cassius fled Rome.
- Antony controlled the disorder/rioting, imposing his authority over the city.
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Conspirators believed that, with death of Caesar, senatorial govt. would automatically resume. In reality, republic was dead → more civil wars occurred, as well was formation of Second Triumvirate.
Formation, Activities and Breakdown of the Second Triumvirate
Background Information
Gaius Octavius (Octavian), Caesar’s Heir
- Octavian was born in 63. His mother, Atia, was niece of Caesar.
- When he was 11, was granted honour of giving speech at funeral of his grandmother, Julia. Caesar was impressed and had him elected to college of pontiffs.
- Caesar was again impressed when Octavian attempted to join him on his campaign in Spain in 46; soon after, Caesar wrote Octavian into his will, giving him ¾ of his estate. Caesar sent him to Macedonia to complete his education/receive military training.
Octavian’s attempts to secure his inheritance
- Did not learn he was Caesar’s adopted son until he returned to Italy. He decided to accept the inheritance; changed name to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, although more commonly known as Octavian from this point.
- Octavian now had two aims:
- To carry out his sacred duty to avenge his ‘father’s’ death.
- To prove himself worthy of such a father and if possible surpass his achievements.
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Cicero did not trust Octavian, saying “… there are too many [allies] around [Octavian]. They threaten death to our friends and call the present state of affairs intolerable.”
- Octavian did not expect the cold reception he received from Antony, who blocked Octavian’s attempts to make his adoption legally valid and refused to hand over Caesar’s money. Octavian reacted by borrowing money to fulfil Caesar’s will (pay 75 denarii to each man) and also held public games. This won Octavian great popularity with the people.
- Antony’s behaviour towards Octavian most likely explained by his jealousy/irritation at Caesar’s will, but was not worried by Octavian himself to a great extent. If this view is true, then Antony grossly underestimated Octavian.
Octavian’s temporary collaboration with the republicans
- Political situation in Rome at this time was unstable:
- Brutus/Cassius: left for the east (Syria/Macedonia) to raise troops/naval forces
- Cicero: returned to Rome; gave series of speeches (Philippics) attacking Antony.
- Antony: deprived D. Brutus of his Gallic province, but Brutus refused to leave Cisalpine Gaul. Antony laid siege to Brutus as Mutina.
- Octavian: appealed to Caesar’s veterans in Campania and converted two of Antony’s legions; were now under his command.
- Antony at this time was threat to safety of state by attacking D. Brutus at Mutina; however, republicans had no troops in Italy, whereas Octavian had himself raised a considerable army from Caesar’s veterans.
- Cicero did not trust Octavian, but decided the young man could be used for the republican cause. Octavian’s actions were wholly illegal, but Cicero overlooked this in interests of safety of the republic.
- Cicero was naïve if he believed the Senate could use Octavian then put him aside once threat of Antony subsided. Senate ordered Antony to leave Cisalpine Gaul; when he refused, consuls of 43/Octavian marched against him. Antony was defeated, and conveniently for Octavian, two consuls were killed; left Octavian in sole command.
Octavian’s First Consulship
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Senate/Cicero now made serious mistake → assumed they were free from immediate threat of Antony and attempted to discard Octavian.
- Antony’s position was strengthened by addition of Lepidus, but Octavian realised if Antony was defeated, the party who supported his father’s assassins would gain control of Rome. Realising his best interests lay with Antony, Octavian refused to co-operate with D. Brutus against Antony.
- Octavian wanted the consulship; was only 20, and was an outrageous request, which was vehemently denied. While Octavian refused to move against Antony, republican cause in Gaul collapsed. D. Brutus was deserted by his legions and killed while trying to escape to Macedonia.
- Cicero/Senate continued to reject Octavian’s demands; Octavian marched on Rome and was ‘elected’ consul with cousin Quintus Pedius for 43. During consulship, revoked outlaw of Antony, legalised his adoption and set up a court to try Caesar’s assassins, who were condemned in their absence.
Second Triumvirate (ST)
- Came into existence in 43 by means of a tribune’s law, proposed by P. Titius and passed in the tribal assembly on 27 November. This differed to FT; had originally been a secret agreement between Caesar, Pompey and Crassus which was not official and three men were never recognised as triumvirs; ST was legally passed and Octavian, Antony and Lepidus had official title of being triumvir.
Comparison of FT and ST
- FT was unofficial secret agreement between Caesar, Crassus and Pompey; ST, however, was legal institution passed in the Senate.
- Was relatively good relationship between Caesar/Pompey at formation of FT; while they went to war in 49, were initially friends. In ST, Antony/Octavian held much animosity towards each other; however, needed ST to gain power against Senate.
- Both triumvirates consisted of two many players (FT – Caesar/Pompey, ST – Antony/Octavian), and had a minor member (FT – Crassus, ST – Lepidus).
- Both triumvirates were used by the key players to support each other; through this support, key members were able to gain power to do what they wanted, which would not have been possible without triumvirate.
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Members: Antony, Lepidus and Octavian
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Official title: Triumviri Republicae Constituendae
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Length of appointment: 5 years
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Purpose of alliance: to set the state in order and attack republican armies of Brutus/Cassius in the east.
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Powers of triumvirs:
- Absolute: powers of a dictator without the name.
- Right to nominate all magistrates in advance.
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Antony: Transalpine/Cisalpine Gaul → important: Antony had most powerful territorial position/power.
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Lepidus: Narbonese Gaul/Spain → reflected Lepidus’ position in ST; Narbonese Gaul/Spain were far away and not powerful.
- Octavian: Africa/Sicily/Sardinia.
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First task undertaken: savage campaign of proscription (political assassinations) similar to those carried out by Sulla.
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Purpose of proscriptions:
- Destroy the enemies of triumvirs; Caesar had shown clemency ‘did not pay’.
- To confiscate estates in order to have money/land for troops.
- Results of proscriptions:
- Death of 300 senators (including Cicero) and 2000 equites.
- Escaped republicans joined Sextus Pompeius.
- Caesar officially deified.
- Lepidus appointed consul for 42.
- Preparations made for Antony/Octavian to face M. Brutus/Cassius in Macedonia.
The Proscription of Cicero
- In light of his speeches (Philippics) made against Antony, is not surprising that Cicero’s name was included among those proscribed by the triumvirs. His attempts to restore the republic cost him his life.
- When he was caught by triumvirs’ agents attempting to escape from his country estate, his throat was cut. On Antony’s orders, head/hands were cut off and taken to Rome for public display; used as warning to other Romans.
The Battle of Philippi, 42
- Brutus/Cassius marched west with their 19 legions and took up position at Philippi in Macedonia to face Antony/Octavian’s 28 legions. In two engagements about three weeks apart the republicans were defeated; both Cassius/Brutus committed suicide.
- Results of republican defeat:
- Defeat marked an effective end republican movement as most of the leaders died fighting.
- Octavian finally avenged murder of Caesar.
- Triumvirs divided empire between them:
- Antony: control of all Gaul except Cisalpine Gaul, which became part of Italy.
- Octavian: received Spain/Sardinia/Africa.
- Lepidus: ignored for time being; later given Africa.
Activities of the Triumvirs after Philippi
Rivalry and Civil War between Mark Antony and Octavian: role of Cleopatra VII; Battle of Actium
- Octavian used oath oh loyalty sworn by Roman Senators, Italian municipalities and western provinces as basis for his authority/power in following years.
- During 33-32, both sides prepared for war, using most extreme propaganda against each other.
The Battle of Actium, 31
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Antony had gathered his forces at Ephesus; included one of greatest fleets ever assembled. Plutarch says it numbered over 500 ships, of which Cleopatra contributed 60. She is also supposed to have contributed 20,000 talents and vast supplies of grain.
- Cleopatra persuaded Antony to let her accompany the fleet; he moved his forces to western Greece, occupying the promontory of Actium.
- Octavian crossed the Adriatic with smaller force and occupied area just north of Actium, from where his troops could prevent access by Antony to best routes to east. Agrippa not only blockaded Antony’s fleet in Bay of Actium but also cut off Antony’s supplies/communication by securing various strategic ports in Greece.
- Antony’s troops were weakened by hunger/malaria and many leading Romans/citizen-kings deserted Antony, particularly angered by influence Cleopatra had on him.
- Cleopatra had plan to risk everything on naval battle and attempt to break out with as many ships/legionaries as possible. Apparently, however, plan was not communicated to bulk of fleet/army. The battle was no real contest; Cleopatra/Antony escaped and sailed to Alexandria; the remainder of Antony’s fleet/troops were captured or surrendered to Octavian.
- Results of Actium:
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Octavian was hailed as imperator for 6th time.
- Agrippa was sent to Italy to demobilise/settle veterans of both Octavian/Antony’s armies. Octavian reassured restless troops they would be paid shortly.
- In 30, Octavian invaded Egypt. Antony believed Cleopatra to already be dead and committed suicide.
- Cleopatra, realising Octavian would not allow her to rule Egypt independently, also committed suicide. Cleopatra’s death ended 300-year-old Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt.
- Octavian treated most of Antony’s Roman supporters leniently, although he had Ptolemy Caesar and Antony’s eldest son by Fulvia killed. Rest of Cleopatra’s children Octavian was merciful to, whom Octavia brought up as her own.
- Egypt was annexed to Rome.
- Vast treasure of Ptolemies was used by Octavian to pay expenses of his various campaigns, to enhance his triumph and to provide for adornment of Rome.
- Before returning to Rome, Octavian spent some time establishing his authority over eastern provinces/client kingdoms. Apart from the Donations (Antony giving land to Cleopatra/Cleopatra’s children), which were cancelled, most of Antony’s arrangements were allowed to remain.
Sources on ST
Ancient
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About Octavian - “He should be lauded, applauded and then dropped.” Is expressing how he believed Senate should act towards Octavian.
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2nd Philippic (about Antony): “He is a sex-ridden, drunk-sodden wretch.”
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Plutarch in Life of Cicero: on Antony’s orders, Cicero’s hands and head were cut off and “fastened up over the ships’ rams on the public platform in the Forum. It was a sight to make the Romans shudder.”
- Suetonius:
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The Twelve Caesars. “The underlying motive of every campaign [of Antony] was that he felt it his duty to avenge Caesar, and keep his decrees in time.”
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“The victors divided between them the responsibilities of government.” (ST)
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Eventually, Augustus [Octavian] broke his friendship with Antony which had always been a tenuous one, and in continuous need of patching, and proved that his rival had failed to conduct himself as befitted a Roman citizen by ordering [Caesar’s] will to be opened and read publicly.”
Modern
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A. H. M. Jones: says Lepidus allowed himself to be ordered around; states that he had all attributes/material possessions of a great noble, but “under them there was only a lay figure. He lacked the ruthless qualities needed for success, or indeed survival, in these [troubled] times.”
Video of gallic war
- Caesar killed many
- Juluis caesar’s greatest battle
- Conquer of Gaul (France) without it, the roman empire would look different
- Mark cobi (former professional soldier and historian)
- Neil forkner (historian)
- They both mock Caesar and Vercingtorex
- Whatever is necessary for Caesar is nessary for the roman empire
- Caesars wrote out his battle
- 6 years in Gaul… his emporium was for 5 yrs… he got another extension from the triumvirate
- Roman suffered a acute and long perod of fear
- Ranpaging through Gaul.
- cutting his way through and killing during his way
- late 53 BC, declared Gaul was completely pacified.
- But its not pacified.
- Killed
- There were general uprising, planned to kill Caesar
- Csaer’s detail is skeptic
- Had personal dealing with others (Caesar and vercingetorex )
- It was just the being
- Moving with great control.
- Force marches taking over many towns , always moving
- Moving in great speed… great master blitzkrieg(moving in great speed)
- Attacked places less expected
- Punished some towns.
- Ver moves and destroyed everything in Caesar;s way
- Destroy parts of his army, everything that was in use of his army … eg.. cutting off food supply
- Ppl og avaticum would not burn their town… hoping for successful defence
- Gaul knew how to build their city wall was proof from fire
- All needed was time and patience and Caesar was short of these
- March his men for an surprise attack.
VIDEO 2.
- Caesar believe that the support of the army is better than other therefore he didn’t care about the others opinions of offerieng land
- He became increasing powerful
- The Gaul… powerful and popular , brillant at craft work and very good at sword work.
- Caesar wanted to conqor it
- Incidental.. aim is to becomet he most power politic in Rome
- Once in Gaul no imtention to leaving
- Relationship with the seate
- Sudden attack Rome may have lose their general and army.
- He has a great input but his skill is poor
- 56BC defeated the marin tribes
- Caesar became the first general to rule England… rome Is impress
- Vetgrtric burned caesar’s food supply
- Caesar got outnumbered
- What ever the sarcife is Caesar wanted to rule Gaul and therefore Rome
- He worked in SPEED
- Using natural sources… river as a barrier,.
- Caesar took charged over 7000 soldier.. is believed to have poor skills in managing the soldiers.
- Caesar;s army was good coz they were skilled and fascinated.
- The solider is good enough that they can make deciscion in the group, they don’t need Caesar to make decisions
- Greek asset of roman asrm is that they can get back to their feet quick after being defeated… never giving up.
- Caesat built defencive wall.
- One face inward towards the Vetingtric and one faceing outwards facing the rest of the gallic coumminty.
- He believe to have been a grest tatic
- Caesar’s success was to his ;ersonal leadership… loved his soliders personally
- He was in front line in some fight.. setting examples to his soldier.
- His an inspiration
- Finally Caesar won… gallic communities lose
- Every movement is motivated by potilical forces.
- After the war, he conqured Gaul… still not happy his ambition is to take over rome.
- Later on he moved with his to Italy and had civil war with pompey.
was through the eastern settlement of the pirates
One of rome’s richest man… nearly every asset of rome was his.
Supported pompey to get the extrorindary command… so he gets pompey’s support than when voting for consul
After consul in 63, developed the idea of ‘concordia ordinum’.
After he was exiled and returned he still supported pompey
DID all this after consul… because he promised pompey and crassus as well as his army.. his keeps his promise. Did it even if the senators didn t like it and didn’t approved him in doing so.
He wanted to go to Gaul to fight and therefore gain power
He was able to gain further 5 years using tribunes
Believed that if Caesar did comprised then the civil war would be avoided
Only saw good of the rich and not the people
Served quaestorship in hispania
Defeated the privacy in the eastern
Sulla loved him… he defeated the people sulla wanted ti defeat
Extraordinary command given to poempey because he was able to deal with the pirates… and therefore they wanted him to deal with mithradates.
Together with his son inlaw to try rule over Rome but stoped by Lucullus
Was then later exiled because he didn’t consult the senators about some actions and therefore was criticised.
He also wanted power, also wanted trimvuant.
Persuaded all the Gallic community to go against Caesar…
e.xample: if Caesar was in power at the time.. pompey would support him