Flat feet may be caused by obesity or pregnancy (which puts excessive weight on the foot), or repetitive pounding on a hard surface. The condition can cause pain in the feet and make walking awkward. However, some people with flat feet never develop pain or discomfort at all. Wear shoes with a firm heel counter for extra support and stability.
Plantar fasciitis
This is the inflammation of the plantar fascia (a band of tissue along the bottom of the foot that extends from the bottom of the heel bone to the base of the toes), caused by excessive stretching of the tissues.
Flat feet, a high arch, excessive weight on the foot, inappropriate footwear and a sudden increase in physical activity can cause this condition. The pain usually occurs at the bottom of the foot near the inside (where the heel and arch meet), and is felt upon waking in the morning or after a long rest. Wear shoes with a cushioned heel to absorb shock, and elevate the heel with the use of a heel cradle or heel cup.
Bunions and overlapping toes
A bunion occurs when the joint at the base of the big toe bulges outward, pushing the big toe in towards the other toes. People with bunions experience inflammation, swelling and soreness on the side of the toe. Bunions can lead to overlapping toes.
Bunions are commonly caused by ill-fitting shoes, particularly shoes or boots that have a narrow toe box (toe area). People with flat feet, low arches or a family history of bunions tend to develop the condition. Wear properly fitting shoes with a high, wide toe box. Orthotics may provide extra comfort and protection.
Calluses and corns
Calluses are dead skin cells that harden and thicken on the ball of the foot, the heel or the inside of the big toe. Corns are similar formations on the upper surface of the smaller toes. They develop due to excessive friction and pressure, particularly from wearing high-heeled shoes or ill-fitting shoes.
Don’t try to cut or trim calluses and corns. Orthotics and special shoes can help to relieve the pressure by redistributing the weight on the foot. To prevent corns, wear shoes with a high, wide toe box. Don’t wear ill-fitting shoes.
Diabetic foot problems
Diabetic foot problems develop from poor blood circulation and neuropathy (nerve damage). Poor blood circulation causes injuries to heal poorly, while nerve damage causes the inability to feel pain, heat or cold.
People with diabetes may unknowingly develop minor cuts, scrapes, blisters or pressure sores that do not heal and lead to ulcers or infection. In severe cases, amputation may be needed.
Orthotics can redistribute the weight on the foot and relieve pressure sores. It is important for diabetics to wear shoes that have a high, wide toe box and firm heel counters. “Rocker soles” can also reduce pressure on the foot.
Arthritis
Arthritis occurs when the cartilage and lining of the body’s joints become inflamed, causing pain, swelling and stiffness. People with arthritis should look for shoes with a high, wide toe box and enough space to accommodate the swelling of the foot. Orthotics can provide comfort, support and extra cushioning.
Hammer and claw toe
In hammer toe, the toe becomes bent and cannot be staightened. In claw toe, the toe bends at the middle and end joints, causing it to curl inwards like a claw. It can occur in any toe except the big toe.
