Also, another reason of racism is the approach to black and ethnic minority people which results in a failure for black to satisfy their needs, or to have normal life in UK. In addition, isolated black and ethnic minority groups in limited places that increase the difficulties for black to have effective support, consultative structures or mechanisms.
Overall, actually Racism is varying in UK in quantity and in the type. For example, it is wild spread and more in London and Ireland and less in Scotland. Scotland known as more peace and quiet place.
The Communist Party argues that “the specific forms of racism in Britain are the inescapable product of the country’s pioneer role in the development of capitalism and the particular character of Britain’s colonial history. But contemporary racism is shaped by new factors including increasing integration into the coercive and repressive institutions of the EU, the increasing subordination of global markets to translational monopoly and the institutions of imperialist domination’.
In June Communist Party will discuss an important resolution which attempts to map out the next stages to place the fight against racism at the centre of a working-class agenda. Also, they will mark 82 years of anti-imperialist activity with a new resolve to assault the system of exploitation and oppression on which racism feeds and which it serves.
3.3 Racism in football
Football it is the most popular sport in UK throughout the games history. Also, it is the largest spectator sport in the UK which changed a great deal in the last twenty years. Not a long time ago black footballers frequently faced racist chants from the crowds Racist activities on football ground since 1970. Racism in football is not confined to the British game only but abuse of black and ethnic minority players has damaged football in many European countries including Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and France.
Todays, racism in football revealed in comments made by senior football official and football mangers regarding black players. From their comments about black player such as ‘they have an innate lack of discipline and consistency’ ‘they are not good in mud’ ‘have no stamina’ ‘dislike of cold and ’I’d rather be a nigger than a Paki”. These signs don’t exactly make black players feel welcome.
Researches found that 60% of clubs in the place with large number of ethnic populations disclose that they have not been successful at attracting minorities to matches. Only 33% of clubs feels they are successful in attracting black and Asian fans to matches however the actual level of active ethnic minority support for most England clubs is properly between 0-2%.
The question here should be why black and young Asian or ethnic minority groups are not attracted to play football or to attend matches? To answer this question the first thing should be consider is the factors and the causes … There are many factors found by researchers such as new sports, education, social, religion, health, area, racism (colour -languages-supports) .
Firstly, Many modern sports today were either devised or took their modern form in Britain such as: football, cricket, tennis, golf, rugby, boxing and snooker .some noted that the most popular sport in the UK for men is walking with snooker coming second. Women list walking as their favourite and netball is second. These facts refer to participation in the sport.
Secondly, most ethnic minority group have the idea that being a football player is not counted as a real respected job or a main future career. As they says ’Football for fun not for job ‘so most of them tend to go to college or university to get a good degree to have good permanent job. For instant to be working as football player it is not a grantee job because clubs might suspend the player for any reason at any time. Also, players can play only until they reached specific age and then retired at 30 -40 years old! Actually going to Education it is more useful for the sociality and its better to have quiet long life.
Third, children and young people are the first to be influenced by the social life and the surrounding area. Social life plays a big part to have an effect on the children’s minds and behaviour. Family can either motivate and encourage their kids to this game or discourage them. Asian parents are less likely to encourage their sons to play football. Ethnic minority groups are more likely to underachieve in physical education.
Therefore, families don’t like their sons to be football players because they want them to be doctors, lawyers ,,etc.(Some) People from ethnic background look down on football player and do not give them any respect. Generally that has a big affect on the kids so they are grown up not keen on being a footballer.
Fourth, there are significant cultural and religious differences within the Asian communities and ethnic group in the UK. The impact of culture and religion on the progress of Asian youngsters in football has to be considered. Religions like Islam have some rules such as specific praying time, way of dressing, etc. In football team some of ethnic people or Asian reject to play or even to go for training, that’s only happen if the time of playing conflict with praying time. Other things conflict with this religion is the short clothes like a team uniform.
Researchers have suggested that many Asians will only consider engaging in sport after religious and cultural commitments have been fulfilled.
Fifth, health problem it is the one of the most important finding about the lives of Asian and black people in Britain. The level of ill health is very markedly a cross ethnic minority groups and majority groups. Researchers found that Indians, African, Asians and Chinese had similar levels of health to white while Caribbean’s, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis had worse and poorer health than whites. Studies shown that south Asian with Pakistani have the high rates of heart disease than the whites .Others also have stated that the Asian pupil is typically seen as physically frail and they are lacking in stamina.
More studies have been done by Ahmed kern ham and Baker 1989 they founds that there is a clear relationship between socio-economic status and health for ethnic minority groups.
Sixth, sometime less numbers of black players in the club doesn’t mean there is racism. But it is mean sand depends on the area and how many black players in it. For example in UK 45 clubs are situated in areas which have a minority ethnic population of 5% and 23 clubs are situated in areas where 1.5% of residents are of minority ethnic background.
Seventh, racism usually occurred in football ground because of the black colour that Asian have or because they are not from European countries. Other things cause racism it might be the communication difficulties with black and ethnic minority groups. Such as, the language which is most important key to communicate, understand and cope with others. These two things can put black away from football and discourage them to participate in it. Of course, that’s can make them feel not comfortable and have Physiological effect on them.
Finally, it has been argued that there has been a lack of support for ethnic group players from the clubs. 22 % of football club officials claimed that the absence of Asians from professional football is due to a lack of opportunity and lack of support. Actually, black supporters gradually continued to be a rarity at the football grounds across the UK, even in areas where there is more local black population.
Racism it is one of the reasons , for example that when black players represented the English national team it is turn to show less supporters, racism still appeared at section of England supporters more than other cities.
The Football Association in Britain pledged to try and ensure that people from ethnic minority backgrounds have an equal chance to take part in the running of the game as coaches, managers, match officials and administrators.
In the professional game, facts of racism can be widely seen and identified by all. On the other hand, in the amateur game, the facts cannot be as easily seen and are located around the grounds. Because there are stakes of district, stakes of victory... That materializes by acts and words much more violent than as a professional.
Professional football
- Supporter:
In the professional football, racism exists more and more often. At the time of the meeting of Spanish championship opposing Saragossa in Barcelona, Samuel Eto' O, triples African gold Ball, was victim, throughout match, insults, cries of monkey and peanut jets. The reasons for these insults: the attacker star of Barcelona is black. This is an example of one of the last racism denounced in the European football. We have other example of racism in football. This racist act is not toward a player. In fact, in Scotland we have an old important rivalry between Glasgow Celtic and Glasgow Rangers. The first team are Catholic and the second Protestant. During the meeting, the supporters of Rangers sing some racist song against all team and people catholic.
These are just two examples, but the situation is more and more disastrous across Europe we have some “supporters” which made some human swastika in the stadium stands. We know the social importance of this sport, which it constitutes a formidable case of resonance. Nevertheless, this social importance is becoming more and more important and when a team lose an important match there have been increased problems in the cities. In some countries (like UK, Spain, France, etc) know some racist act between region. Actually, the definition of racism is a discriminatory behaviour toward to a nation but also toward a region (in a same country).
Racism in professional football materializes by attitudes and vociferations of a certain public. However, it is good to distinguish two distinct groups:
- There are racists very ideologists, racists in the common sense of the term.
- People who, owing to the fact that it are in the collective field of sport in which there is a principle of opposition between the two camps, will use racial characteristics on the individuals, according to whether they belong to such or such team, with an aim of denunciation of the tares of the adversary.
The football organisation:
Racism touches the organisation of football clubs. This racism is characterized by an abuse of power. In fact, in the organisation chart we can see that the ethnic minorities are not held in high esteem:
Statistics of composition of staff of England club of league 1:
- 4% of management staff
- 2% of administrative staff
- 5% of coaching staff
- 10% of other staff (including part-time match-day staff)
Statistics of composition of staff of England club of League 2:
- 2% of management staff
- 1% of administrative staff
- 11% of coaching staff
- 5% of other staff
Statistics of composition of staff of England club of League 3:
- 0.02% of management staff
- 15% of coaching staff
- 3% of other staff
This power abuse to not choose staff of ethnic minorities is explainable by several factors:
- Difference of culture
- Difference of religion
- Difference of skin
- Difference of training
These racist characteristics are often employed for answer why not an Ethnic minority. In fact, the people are afraid of difference and this are existed in the football. There is a fear about the change in the football authority. We have an example in the UEFA, FIFA organisation where there are a discriminatory behaviour in the choice of high staff.
Amateur football
The same acts of racism exist in the amateur football two Black football players, who received intimidating phone calls and were threatened with baseball bats at their home, have decided to leave Northern Ireland. The players, from France and Belgium, also received threats that they would be shot.
In general, the racist acts are made in:
In amateur football, nearly two thirds of the racist acts are made in the enclosure even stadium. The most current cases of figures are racist insults between adversaries on the ground or in the cloakrooms or of the insults to the attention of the players coming from the spectators. Once on two the racist insult generates physical violence and we note a multiplication of the racist aggressions on the ground. Direct confrontation between supporters is rare on the level amateur.
Acts made out of the stadium are generally made one hour after the meeting (in the parking areas), or at the time of the return match. The facts are more serious than in the sporting enclosure, because the victims more exposed to violence in meeting or the use of bayonets (knife, beater of baseball, etc).
All racist acts is often causes by the tension of our society directly based on the racism in general that means that the racism see in the media, in the street are reproduced in the stadium during or after the match. Sometimes is the appointment to settle few scores with the problem between the ethnic minority and the white.
Moreover, Top clubs now have top players from many countries and ethnic minorities born and brought up in Britain. The racism experienced by these players has decreased; this good result refers to the campaigns in schools and at football grounds.
From their efforts, for example in Britain there are two organisations working to end the racism in football crowds such as ‘Show Racism the Red Card’ and ‘Kick Racism out of Football’.
The show racism the red card is one of the best ways to send a clear message that the racism doesn’t belong in Scotland. This red card shown in football when a player is sent off the field for gross misconduct. The club then takes disciplinary action against players who engage in racial abuse.
Shown racism the red card can work with all other such as supporters, voluntary organisation, local authorities, local business, and sponsors and with police. It’s easily entered to school as package to raise awareness among young people to show the harmful and dangerous effect of racism and to show that there is no place for racism or other form of discrimination in civilised society
4. Methodology
In this chapter there are explicit deliberations on the methodological choices made, showing an appreciation of the possibilities of methods outside the groups of methods that have been chosen. Account is also given of the methods’ weaknesses and strengths. There is also a thorough description of the data sources used, in particular which methods are being used for the collection of data, as well as a critical evaluation of the sources.
4.1 Primary Data
Although there is a vast range of secondary sources of information, it will be appreciated that they often do not provide the right combination of data or perhaps the data is incomplete.
4.1.1Survey Methods
There are different survey methods which can be used to obtain the required information. The face-to-face and internet survey and the interviews were used for this project in order to reach the information relatively quickly.
The disadvantages of the internet survey are that the response rates are very low and the replies are unreliable, consequently samples are biased. Another fact is that some of the responses are incomplete what makes the analysis quite difficult.
The face-to-face interview has the advantage that issues can be explored in more depth. It can provide qualitative data on values and opinions of respondents as well as the more basic quantitative data. One disadvantage is that that they are subject to the personal bias of the interviewer. The questions need to be carefully designed and even then the interviewer can affect the outcome by placing his/her own interpretation and explanation of the questions.
4.2 Secondary Data
This is a discussion leading to the empirical methods used, as well as the problems and limitations surrounding them.
4.2.2 Quantitative Data
The use of charts and diagrams for this topic is the only way to get an overall view. Charts were used to research data from the Commission for Race Equality (CRE) and the Black and Ethnic Minorities Infrastructure in Scotland (BEMIS). These were useful to research the range of racism in football. It was also used a part of the Scottish Census 2001 especially the Analysis of Ethnicity which was quite useful to obtain the information about the number of ethnic minorities in Scotland.
The newspapers and annual reports were mainly used to collect quantitative data for the analysis. They could not be used for objective information’s because they are always influenced by the author’s opinion which is subjective.
4.2.3 Qualitative Data
For the project were used professional and academic books in order to make sure that not only the theoretical part of the topic is explained.
In order to cover the whole topic with all different views it were used academic books to find a common basis of the theoretical aspects of the topic. Professional books and journals were used to make a connection between the theory and the practice. In general the books were used to achieve the basic knowledge about the topic. In contrast the journals were used to find actual opinions and problems the current society has with racism in football. This is possible because the journals a more up to date than some of the books.
The material used is from the University of Library and the Renfrewshire Library in Paisley, and the Web archive of the University of Paisley Library (Emerald,…). The newspapers were collected and searched for important news in Paisley. Another useful resource was the Sir Norman Chester Centre for football research of the University of Leicester and, the structural reports of the Sport Structures Ltd.
4.3 Tools
The questions asked in the questionnaire and the interviews were conducted in accordance to the framework described in the part above. It was the objective to assess the reasons for the lack of participation of black and ethnic minority people in football.
4.3.1 Questionnaire
The main aim of this study was to identify the major barriers faced by minority ethnic individuals regarding entry into professional football. This was done by exploring the different perspectives of the professional football clubs and of minority ethnic individuals themselves. A questionnaire was distributed to 6 Scottish clubs, to be completed by either the youth development officer or the community development officer, as the people with most first-hand knowledge and experience of recruiting young players. Questionnaires were also given to a sample of young minority ethnic individuals in the Greater Glasgow region, the great majority of whom played amateur league football. Forty questionnaires were completed by players of unprofessional football leagues.
The questionnaire was designed following established guidelines. It was designed to ensure that it would provide the necessary information, that it would be acceptable for use by the respondents and that it would be relatively easy to analyse and interpret. The use of Likert scales was considered to be the most productive method of capturing much of the information, requiring respondents to indicate strength of agreement or disagreement with given statements (strongly agree, agree, unsure, disagree, strongly disagree.)
These closed questions were used to ascertain factual knowledge while some questions presented the respondents with categories of which they had to select one that was accurate to their circumstances or their opinion.
Open-ended questions were used alongside the category questions in order to allow respondents to explain why they selected a particular category.
4.3.2 Interviews
An interview is a popular form of data collection and can provide a rich source of material. The real benefit of an interview is that you are face-to-face with the interviewee, so u can clear up any misunderstandings immediately. Either side can question what they do not understand. A disadvantage is that they are very time-consuming. As a result, you may only interview a small sample which may not representative of the population. Moreover, with all interview there are problems of bias, reliability and validity which must be addressed throughout the whole interview process. For this case three interviews were conducted with coaches, trainers and spokespeople of unprofessional football clubs. The interviews were structured what means that there was a list of prescribed questions for the interviewee. The questions for the personal interviews are nearly the same which were asked to the players in the clubs. The objective was to find out what the other side of the problem thinks ad does to prevent entry barriers for ethnic minorities in football.
Topic: Entry barriers for black and ethnic minorities in football
1. Part
What is your nationality?
For how many years are you playing football?
Who is your favourite player?
Have you ever experienced racism in football? If yes, give some examples!
Has your own person ever been the target of racial harassment?
Have you ever done racial harassment to somebody? If yes, give some examples!
2. Part
Do you think in your opinion that parental attitudes and influence prevents the entrance of black and ethnic minority players in football?
Strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree
Do you think in your opinion that all black and ethnic minority football leagues prevent the entrance to open football clubs?
Strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree
Do you think in your own opinion that the thought of the trainers and coaches a lack of physical fitness between black and ethnic minority people is a reason for barriers?
Strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree
Do you think in your opinion that there is a lack of opportunities for the entrance of black and ethnic minority players in football?
Strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree
Do you think in your opinion that there is a lack of role models in professional football leagues which could encourage black and ethnic minority people to play football?
Strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree
Do you think in your opinion that racism is institutionalised in football?
Strongly agree agree unsure disagree strongly disagree
3. Part
Have you ever experienced racism in football or your own club? If yes, give some examples!
What in your own opinion are other reasons for the lack of black and ethnic minority people in football?
Thank you for cooperation!
Findings of the questionnaire:
Analysis of findings:
Overall the respondents strongly agree (22,5%) or agree (28,3%) with the possible reasons for the entry barriers outlined by the framework. This shows also when the statistic is not representative that there are familiar reasons that there are so few black and ethnic minority players in football.
“Through my experience growing up and playing … there were quite a few black and ethnic minority players with talent, spotted for local professional clubs but who couldn’t commit because of religious beliefs and parental influences.”
“Clubs are being made more aware of the situation and black and ethnic minority families understand football more”
“Here … we have young black and ethnic minority players attending the centre of excellence who have attended football in the community soccer courses”
“We held our first black and ethnic minority soccer school this year. We are looking hard to get a good black and ethnic minority player”
“Black and ethnic minority leagues – good idea if it increases participation, bad idea if it prolongs separatism”
“[height, weight, strength] is not a valid reason as there are small lightweight players, playing at all levels throughout the professional game”
“The talent is there, it’s just opportunity and feeling comfortable”
“Opportunity may exist but are black and ethnic minority geared towards taking the opportunity?”
“In the next few years there may be a small number of black and ethnic minority graduating into football. However, if these become successful the situation could snowball”
“[Black and ethnic minority heritage players] are following a similar pattern to Afro-Caribbean development – isolated role models followed by a gradual increase in participation at all levels”
“If he’s good enough he will get his chance”
“Talent will always come through”
“The campaign is a bit wishy, weak – nothing much on the ground, more politically correct rather than changing grass roots”
Back, et al. (1996), also see institutional racism as a strong force in football today.,
Commenting that it is: “easy for everyone to support a campaign against racism in
football when it is targeted against pathologically aggressive, neo-Nazi thugs. It
might prove a little more tricky to generate football-wide support if we were to start
asking questions about the attitudes in the boardroom, on the pitch, and in the
training ground”.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Overview of Racism
Racism is a discriminatory behaviour towards to a person or a group of people because of there belonging to a nation, ethnic, a racial or religious background.
In first hand, we will show a wide zoom on the repartition of the population in UK and in the second hand we will explain the fact on racism.
Racism has existed since the start of times. World history of it is the proof of this with the wars, colonization and the slave system... Today this subject is less and less taboo and we start has to see many demonstrations, laws against this scourge.
Repartition
- According to the ethnics population
In UK, according to the census made in 2001 we have a population which amount to 58,789,194 habitants. This population is making by several different ethnics.
On 58,789,194 of people living in UK, there are 4,635,296 are of a different ethnics.
Indians were the largest of these groups, followed by Pakistanis, those of mixed ethnic backgrounds, Black Caribbean, Black African and Bangladeshis. The remaining minority ethnic groups each accounted for less than 0.5 per cent of the UK population and together accounted for a further 1.4 per cent. In UK, the number of people who came from an ethnic group other than White grew by 53 per cent between 1991 and 2001, from 3.0 million in 1991 to 4.6 million in 2001
According to religion
Christianity is the main religion in UK. Muslims were the largest religious group after Christians. There were about 1.6 million Muslims living UK. Hindus were the second largest non-Christian religious group with over half a million Hindus follows by Sikhs with over a third of a million.
According Ethnics/religion
All of these statistics show us that there are a lot of different people living in UK. These people live together and it is difficult because we have different education, a religion and ways of life different.
Racism facts
Racist incidents recorded by the police force in UK have risen steadily from just over 10,000 in 1996/97 to about 50,000 incidents in 2001/02. In 2003/04, the number of racist incidents recorded by the police rose to 52,694 (+9.7%) from 49,078 in 2002/03. The cases of racism are unimportant compared to reality. Because victims have fear to lodge a complaint, it is very difficult and it is difficult to say where begins a racist act. For example if a white man is fighting with a black man does mean that the white man is a racist or is the black man as well.
But what types of racism exist, who creates the racism, how is it created, and where?
- Typology of racist violence
We can make a typology of racist violence with four type of racism:
-
Interpersonal Violence: it acts of an ordinary racism or the authors transform an interpersonal conflict into racist act.
-
Violence by abuse of power: It is an act exerted by a person, who has a formal capacity on the victims (thank to his function).
-
Institutional violence: it is act exerted by an organization, in general the State, generally in the form of discrimination.
-
Ideological violence: it is an act exerted by people or groups, which do not have a formal capacity, but act based on racist ideology inspired in particular by the speeches of the extreme right-hand side organizations.
In general, the repartition of violence act of racism is represented by this chart:
- Authors of racist violence
The authors of a racist act can be people who act within the framework of their private life or in the exercise of their profession. The racist acts also can the fact of a group made up of several people, including circle family and also by organization.
There are seven main categories of author and their repartitions:
This statistics are very useful, we can see that the State is the authors which is the most mentioned by the victims of racist act with 35% (State and Police).
- Type of Act of Racist Violence
The racist acts towards to an ethnic group can take several negative forms of the most passive to the most active.
- Place of racism violence
To finish this overview, it is important to situate the act racism.
Recommendations
Twenty years ago, Benetton based his publicity campaign on the theme of mixed colour and culture, illustrated by an unforgettable slogan: United Colours of Benetton. The amateur and professional football maybe could be the “Benetton” of sport. One place of mixing, crossbreeding, where the colour of skin is just like the football shirt. However, we are not in an idyllic nation, where all is kindness, and beauty. Football is the mirror of the society. We know the social importance of this sport, which it constitutes a formidable case of resonance, in particular in the popular stratum, and which the players became examples for youth. In football the association, the football authority, the supporter, the club and the government must to manage to stop the racism at the gate of each professional or amateur football stadium. They understand that they cannot develop with impunity these types of acts. The policies followed did not provide answers to the height of the problem. The charters against the racism and the financial penalties, advertisement did not appear very effective.
There are many associations in Europe, which are fighting against the racism in football. This is first person, which denounced these facts in the amateur football. Associations are the most dynamic and meticulous toward the racist act. They aim their solutions for the youth. They desire in priority to guarantee that each young player will the have same chance in the football. There are some possible solutions:
-
To Create Football Springboards operation: The initial objective is to bring young people having an unorganized practice of football, often in the districts, to integrate existing sporting clubs. It permits facilitating insertion in a structure organized by integrating gradually some rules of:
- Practice of football
- Coaching
- Operation of association sport
- Behaviour
- To go on the partnership with club, with famous football players and create with them more of meeting with the youth to learn the respect, way of life of football that is to say a best sense of citizenship. This meeting need more of testimony about racist act, more of famous football players who are more in contact with the young people.
The football authorities are very important for football. They permit the small clubs to exist, and to support the good continuity of football. Because they manage the money, the referee, the rules, the problem of football, etc. The racism is a far-reaching problem, which is not taken seriously. Many actions must to be done.
There are several levels of authorities in the football at different scale:
-
International level (For professional football): It is the Federation International of Football Association. It must to change several rules to take disciplinary action against the clubs, players:
- Club must to be heavily fined and/or penalize by lost of point for each racist extreme behaviour in the stadium.
- Racist Player (like the player who gave the “Hitlerian salute”.) must to be banned partly or definitely like in the sport with the drug use.
-
National level (For professional and amateur football): In each country, there is a football authority, which must to enforce the rules of the FIFA. This authority has also its own rules and must to create the same rules of the FIFA to root out the Racism in the football. A solution against the racist acts of supporters is to sentence at several matches to be play in camera.
Besides, for the amateur football, the national authority must to coordinate the multitude of initiatives, which born of association, region authorities and create new actions.
-
Region level (For amateur football): At this level, there are many solutions, but these solutions are expensive according the region. These actions are essential for founding a better climate during the meetings (violence and racism).The regions need to do:
- formations for the people in charge of clubs to anticipate the conflicts on the grounds
- A more strict ranking (like victory at 4 points, classification of the fair play, …)
- before each match, introduction of the systematic tightening of hands between the two teams
- Meeting of the discipline commission every week
- Organization of meetings between the presidents and trainers of clubs which pose problem
- Designation for each meeting of a person in charge of the reception and safety on the ground
The government must to follow the football authorities and the associations in the fight against the racism. In 14th March 2006, 423 European members of Parliament signed a motion calling “the fight against racism in football”. This motion is the beginning but each government must to create some rules:
- Interdiction at some people in the stadium (definitively or partially)
- Increase the importance of sentence of racism act
- Give more of finance to the association against the racism
These actors are the more implicate in the racists act but it is where there are the less of solution:
- Need to make some meetings between club and supporter groups before the matches.
-
Go on the efforts in term of video monitoring, of identity check, of presentation at the police stations for excludes. Also, go on the systematic denunciation of the racist incidents in the stadium by the “real supporters“
To manage the racism in the football, it need that all actors work together. And that we take seriously this act which will destroy the game worldwide.
6. References
Back, L., Crabbe, T., Solomos, J.,( 1998) ‘Racism in Football: Patterns of Continuity and Change’ in A.Brown ed. Fanatics!: Football and Popular Culture in Europe Routledge
Bains, J., Patel, R. (1994), Asians Can't Play Football! Midland Asian Sports Forum
Brah, A., Hickman, J., ‘Thinking identities : Ethithnicity, racism and culture’, McGraw Hill, London 1999.
Modood, T., ‘Ethnic Minorities in Britain ; diversity and disadvantaged’, London, 1998.
Rattansi, A. and Westwood, S., ‘Racism moden identity ; on the western front.