A practical study of the periodic table.

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A practical study of the periodic table

Topic: A practical study of the periodic table.

The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behaviour.

A chemical bonding that occurs in the compounds of the elements is affected by their position in the periodic table. The bonding, in turn, has an impact on the formulae and properties of the compounds.

A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity.

A chemical property is used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity.

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are considered acidic, while those with a pH greater than seven are considered basic. pH 7 is defined as neutral because it is the pH of pure water at 25 °C.

Planning (a)

Patterns in the properties of elements.

Table 1.

Key:

m – metal

nm – non-metal

On the basis of the table we may clearly see the correlation between atomic number and mass of an atom. Mass of each of the atoms shown above is approximately twice as big as their atomic number. This is thanks to number of protons (atomic number) and nucleons (mass number) in the nucleus.

The ionisation energy increases with the group number increasing and period decreasing, however an exception of magnesium has to be marked. Hence, the ionisation energy of aluminium is smaller than that of silicon or phosphorus; the ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than that of calcium.

Type of elements also differs in group. Analysing the periodic table, we deduced that going from left to right changes the type of element from metal, through non-metal up to halogens and finally inert elements.

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To check the properties of chosen elements we decided to dissolve all of them in water, acid and basic solutions. We wanted to examine the solubility and pH of the oxides and chlorides and check the volatility by burning all the substances. If the bonding is strong, the substance is not volatile; similarly, if the bonding is weak, the substance is volatile.

Hypothesis: On the basis of our experiments, we analyse the connections of different metals.

Planning (b)

Requirements:

Method:

Dissolving in water or acid solutions, using pH meter and pH indicator ...

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