Now its time to get a little of the energy back. In the next two steps, energy is released from Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, producing NADH and ATP. Since we have two Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates, the 2ATP used earlier to start the reaction has been returned, plus an extra 2NADPH have been made.
Notice that the big change to glyceraldehydes is the addition of another organic phosphate. That sets up the next step, where ATP is made.
Now, let’s go after that last organic phosphate group, and let’s make some more ATP.
So at the end of anaerobic respiration (glycolysis), 2ATP were used to start the reaction, but 4ATP and 2NADH were made, a net product of 2ATP and 2 NADH. Energy has been released from glucose now, which could be used for that run, or the boring lecture.
The end product is pyruvate, but pyruvate is not very stable in our cells. So pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, using NADH. The following chemical equation shows how pyruvate is converted.
Aerobic Respiration:
Respiration involves chemical reactions in the cells of our bodies. These reactions release energy from foods.
We need a supply of energy every minute of our lives. This energy comes form respiration. Our main sources of energy are carbohydrates and fats in our food.
Our food is first is broken up down by enzymes I the gut. This produces small molecules, such as glucose. During respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and energy. This process is called AREOBIC RESPIRATION because it uses oxygen.
During respiration, we use up foods and oxygen. This produces carbon dioxide and water and gives us the energy. This is like fuels burn. Foods and fuels react with oxygen. These reactions are called oxidation reactions. The foods and fuels are oxidised.
Aerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of Oxygen. Strictly speaking aerobic means in air, but it is the Oxygen in the air which is necessary for aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is in the absence of air.
In our tissues glucose can be broken down to release energy. The energy is used to make a substance called Adenosine Tri-Phosphate or ATP as it is usually called. ATP can provide energy for other processes such as muscle contractions.
Here is a balanced chemical equation for the process of aerobic respiration. You only need to memorise this for the Higher Tier GCSE paper, however I am sure that you really want a grade "A" so why not memorise it.
You should be able to see six carbon atoms on each side of the equation; One molecule of glucose contains six atoms of Carbon and six molecules of Carbon Dioxide each contain one atom of Carbon.
You should also be able to see that the Hydrogen is balanced. One molecule of Glucose contains twelve atoms of Hydrogen and six molecules of water each contain two atoms of Oxygen.
Now look at the Oxygen. To make six molecules of Carbon Dioxide we need twelve atoms of Oxygen and to make six molecules of water we need another six atoms of Oxygen. That makes a total of eighteen atoms of Oxygen. The glucose already contains six atoms of Oxygen so the cell will need a further six molecules of Oxygen from the air.
Some organisms can respire in the absence of air: this is anaerobic respiration. This does not release so much energy and it produces much more toxic waste products. However, if Oxygen is not available, anaerobic respiration is better than nothing. When this happens in our muscles we produce lactic acid which gives you cramp. The bacteria in milk produce the same chemical when they turn it sour. "Lactic" means "of milk". So lactic acid is the acid in sour milk. Yeasts produce alcohol which is also toxic. Eventually there will be so much alcohol
This is my introduction on exercise and heart rate, the heart and what you need to know about aerobic an anaerobic respiration.
Exercise On The Heart
Aim: Our aim is to investigate the effect on our heart rate. By running around the playground for different times. And then check our pulse.
Apparatus: (equipment)
A stop watch to time your heart rate and to time for long you run. Trainers to run in and to do exercise. Water to have a drink after you have done the exercise and checked your pulse.
Diagram:
Method:
First of all we check our pulse three times before we start the experiment and record on a table. After we got our heart rate per minute we add them all together and divide by three to get a recovery rate per minute because to get an average pulse.
Secondly we do our exercise in the playground for different time’s altogether 5 minutes. First for one minute, we use a stop watch to time this and after our one minute of exercise we check our pulse for 30 seconds and x 2.
We check our pulse by putting our hand near our heart or getting our two fingers and pressing down on our wrist.
After you have checked your pulse for every minute you record on a table. You do exercise for 2 minutes and check your pulse and then 3 minutes and check your pulse, then 4 and finally 5 minutes.
Fair Testing:
- You can make this test fair by running the same speed for every minute.
- You can also stop at the right time when the time of the exercise and check your pulse straight away.
- Don’t stop when you are exercising because it will make your heart rate go down.
- Don’t drink water while you are running because it will slow down your heart.
Prediction
What Happens to the Heart when we Exercise?
This is my prediction where I talk about what might happen in the experiment. I think when we exercise our pulse rate increases higher than normal, higher than our rest rat. I think this because we use a lot of energy to run, like Paula Radcliffe she ran 1500 meter and her heart rate was higher because respiration gives her enough energy to run 1500 meters. We use oxygen for respiration if the oxygen eventually runs out you then respire by using glucose and lactic acid (poison) to get rid of lactic acid you have to get a lot of oxygen if you don’t get a lot of oxygen you will have a stitch. Anyway animals, plants and humans need energy to grow and move. They get this energy by breaking down food in a process called respiration. In respiration, food and oxygen react in our cells to release energy.
What Happens to the Heart when we Exercise Vigorously?
When you exercise vigorously your heart beats faster and faster making you use more oxygen and your heart pumps much quicker this happens because you are using double the energy and more oxygen and working harder and more exercise. By doing this you are doing aerobic respiration. I have already talked about aerobic respiration in my introduction. During respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and energy. Strictly speaking aerobic means in air, but it is the Oxygen in the air which is necessary for aerobic respiration. As you carry on doing exercise vigorously you use more and more oxygen eventually you run out of oxygen and you respire by using glucose and lactic acid (poison) you have less energy and oxygen this is called oxygen debt situation, you have to use oxygen to get rid of lactic acid, that’s what makes you breathe faster and that’s why people tend to get a stitch, to get rid of the stitch you have to take in a lot of oxygen after vigorous exercise. Lactic acid is a toxin.
Aerobic Respiration:
I have already talked about aerobic respiration in my introduction and a bit in my prediction. Aerobic Respiration is basically it means that a process that uses oxygen. Aerobic respiration takes place in almost all living things. It is easy to get rid of the Carbon Dioxide and excess water; this is excretion (the removal of the toxic waste products of metabolism), and maximum energy is released from the glucose. We need a supply of energy every minute of our lives. This energy comes form respiration. Our main sources of energy are carbohydrates and fats in our food. We all need energy to run skip and jump. Even the slightest muscular action, like blinking of an eye, needs mechanical energy. This is basically aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration:
I have already talked about anaerobic respiration in my introduction. Anaerobic respiration basically is. An anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates in which an inorganic molecule other than oxygen is the final electron acceptor. It does not involve an electron transport chain. However, if Oxygen is not available, anaerobic respiration is better than nothing. When this happens in our muscles we produce lactic acid which gives you cramp. Anaerobic respiration is when you are not using oxygen to respire and you run out of oxygen an instead you have to use glucose and lactic acid (poison) and that’s how you get a stitch and you have to have oxygen to get rid of your stitch. That is basically what anaerobic respiration.
Am I fit for my age?
From the results that I have found I think that I fit not really fit but fit that’s what I think. I started going gym on Saturdays when I went for my first lesson induction the instructor checked my heart rate and told me if I was fit or not and she said that I was fit, my heart rate was 73 heart beats per minute. In my actual results I have found out that for my age I am ok because as you exercise more your pulse goes up and by every minute it goes down and that is what happened in my pulse.
Heart rate varies with infant or child's activity. They may increase to 180+ if the infant is crying. As the child grows, heart rate tends to slow down. It’s a known fact that athletic children have low heart rates (sometimes as low as 40/Min)
Result:
These are the results I actually find out when we done the experiment exercise to investigate how much time it takes the heart to come to back to it resting rate, how long it took to it to recover, recovery rate and we recorded the results on a table as shown below.
Table of Results:
These are the results that I got for my investigation on exercise on the heart rate.
Graph:
This is a line graph of my results I found in my investigation presented on a graph.
Conclusion:
I think that this investigation went really well and I think it was successful. My prediction was correct that if you exercise longer your pulse goes higher and when you exercise the pulse beats faster. I think that my prediction was reasonable and quite correct. I found out that the more longer you exercise for the higher your pulse goes and if you exercise vigorously your heart beats much faster and you eventually fun out of oxygen and you go to an oxygen debt situation where you use glucose and lactic acid (poison). Plus we also found out how long it takes the pulse after exercising to go back to its rest rate.
Evaluation:
Yes our investigation went smoothly and very successfully, the thing that was really successful was that it was really easy; you only run around the playground for different times of minutes and then check your pulse and record on a table. It was really easy to record our results and make a line graph. My prediction was quite correct to the actual results that I found out. If I had to redo the exact investigation the things that I would change is the different lengths of running/ exercising around the play ground and check the pulse straight after the running time has finished to get closer results.
Factor Which May Affected The Accuracy of My Results:
- Another possible error in the investigation could or may have been is that the speed you run at for example, when you run for the fist minute you may be running much slower and the second time you may be running much quicker the second time. So next time I do this investigation I could try to run the same speed for every minute.
Overall:
In this investigation I have learnt a lot of new things that I didn’t already now that I know now, those are
- I have learnt that the more you exercise the higher your pulse rate goes.
Yes I did enjoy this investigation very much because it was easy and practical and fun to do. I learnt some really cool things that I didn’t know before and know I now because of this investigation.
By
Sultan Shafiq 9.T.
