BUTANOL
PENTANOL
HEXANOL
HEPTANOL
OCTANOL
CARBON DIOXIDE
WATER
BALANCED EQUATIONS
If we work in the bond energies into these balanced equations, and we subtract the energy taken in by the breaking of the bonds from the energy given out by the formation of new bonds we will get the total energy released.
METHANOL
2CH3OH + 3O2(r) 2C02 + 4H20
ETHANOL
2C2H5OH + 6O2(r) 4C02 + 6H20
PROPANOL
2C3H5OH + 9O2(r) 6C02 + 8H20
BUTANOL
2C4H7OH + 12O2(r) 8C02 + 10H20
PENTANOL
2C5H9OH + 15O2(r) 10C02 + 12H20
HEXANOL
2C6H11OH + 18O2(r) 12C02 + 14H20
HEPTANOL
2C7H13OH + 21O2(r) 14C02 + 16H20
OCTANOL
2C8H15OH + 24O2(r) 16C02 + 18H20
We can see from the table above Octanol releases the most heat energy. This clearly shows that there is a correlation between the number of bonds in the molecules and how much total energy was released.
I also predict that the amount of heat energy released will increase with the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol. The equation for working out the energy released is:
Heat released = (-574 x No. of carbon atoms) x 2024
FAIR TEST
To keep this a fair test we have to bear certain aspects in mind. The beaker the water is contained in must be the same shape because if it is not the flame may have more surface area of where to heat the water. The alcohol must be weighed accurately with scales that weigh up to, least, one decimal point. During weighing the spirit lamp must be covered to avoid and evaporation of the alcohol. The alcohol has to be weighed accurately before and after the experiment. The alcohol has to be blown out immediately when the water temperature has been raised 30 degrees; it must be covered after the experiment to avoid evaporation. The thermometer must be swirled around the water before a reading can be taken, this insures that you are measuring the temperature of the whole water not just the bottom of the beaker. The shape of the spirit lamp must stay the same and so must the wick length. If all this is done we can ensure that we will get an accurate reading.
DIAGRAM
METHOD
1. Set up apparatus as diagram.
2. Weigh the spirit lamp + alcohol on scale note down weight.
3. Note down the water temperature.
4. Light the wick and let the alcohol heat up the water until it is raised by 30 degrees.
5. Blow out the flame and weigh the alcohol + spirit lamp immediately. Note down weight.
6. Work out the mass of alcohol burnt by subtracting the weight before from the weight after.
7. Work out how much heat energy was produced.
First find out how much heat energy the water gained by using this equation.
Specific heat capacity = 4.2 kj/kg/oC
Heat gained by water = mass (Kg) x temp. rise x Specific heat capacity
Once you have found that divide it by the mass of alcohol burnt and then multiply it by the mass of 1 mol of that alcohol.
8. Repeat steps 2 - 7 with the other alcohols and form a table of results.
Analysis
Theoretical heat released
Experimental heat released
When we compare the two lines of best fit on the same graph we can see that the theoretical heat released is more than the experimental heat released. We can also see that the difference is increasing at a constant rate. This is because there is more energy in the fuel and because there was more energy in the fuel more energy was lost to the surroundings.
The results I have do confirm my initial predictions. We can see from the graph above that my prediction and my result do have the same trend.
EVALUATION
The results I got from my experiment were accurate enough to give me results I can relie on. I could have got more accurate results by modifying my plan for my experiment. When I was carrying out my experiment I saw four main things that could be improved to make the results more accurate.
1. Heat which never enters the water, because of draughts, for example.
2. Heat loss from the top and sides of the beaker.
3. Heat which is not conducted by the beaker.
4. Incomplete combustion - there is a restricted supply of oxygen, the alcohol was burning with an orange flame rather than blue. Some of the alcohol did not burn completely, giving carbon and carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide. A carbon deposit (soot) on the bottom of the beaker indicated this.
Improvements can be made to this by insulating the sides of the beaker, using a different material for the beaker, using a lid a providing a draught screen as shown below.
Alternatively we can remove all faults in planning by using an advanced technique such as a bomb calorimeter. This is the most accurate way of measuring bond energies and this will be as accurate as we can get in our results.
