1) Collect three-resonance tube, fill one tube with ice cold water, one with water at room temperature, and another one with boiling water.
2) Collect three different frequency tuning fork, a 1000mm measuring stick, and three open-ended air columns for each of the resonance tubes.
I am going to collect evidence by;
1) Taking the temperature inside the air column, and recording it.
2) Hitting the tuning the fork against a hard surface to make it vibrate then holding above the tube which is sitting in a reservoir of water the resonance tube (each one of the three resonance tubes will have water in it to chill the air in the tube or air column to the temperatures needed). Start with a very short air column with the tuning fork held above it, gradually increase the length of the tube until a strong resonance occurs. Then measure the distance from the waters surface to the end of the air column, and record the distance as the first resonance position.
3) if you then increase the length further until an other resonance occurs with the tuning fork vibrating above it, it will give you the second resonance position then record the distance of the air column.
4) Do this for each tuning fork for each in each of the air column temperatures.
To make sure the experiment fair I am going to measure the temperature of the air in the air column, before I try to find the resonance, so that if the temperature has risen or dropped. I can modify it to the set temperature of each of the three conditions. Use secondary information and combined it with my own to get an average.
The cold air temperature will be set between 4-8 C; I will set the temperature when we take the 1st temperature with the chilled water for the first tuning fork. I will then maintain that temperature through the experiment with the cold air.
I am going to use tuning forks with a frequency’s of 512,288,384.
In this experiment, the wavelength of a particular frequency of sound will be found with a resonance column. This wavelength will be used to find the velocity of sound in air. I will do this for each of the other air temperatures which are 60 C –70C and room temperature 22-25C.
Observations
Air column temperature 4 C
Air column temperature 25 C (at room temperature)
Air column temperature 60 C
Conclusion
My results support the prediction I made .That the velocity of sound would increase the hotter the air became in the resonance column. because the density is being altered if the air is very hot then there will be a high density. The air molecules expand when heated and the air molecules become lighter. Sound can travel much quicker in lighter molecules .Between 4 c and 60 c there I found from my results that the velocity of sound increased by 20m/s.This will enable to predict other investigations based around this subject, if I wanted to investigate other the velocity of sound. at different temperatures in other gases and if it travels faster in them than air .I got one anmanous result which was down to the a fall temperature because the tempreture was not being very carefully
When a tuning fork is held over a tube, a standing wave pattern is formed in the tube. UndeSelected Sound Speeds in Gases
r the right conditions constructive interference will occur at the opening to cause resonance. This is a very noticeable rise in the amplitude, or loudness, of the sound that is caused by the addition of two waves in phase with each other. One of the waves is traveling down the tube and the other is traveling back up the tube.
Materials Resonance tube apparatus
water
two tuning forks-different frequencies
rubber hammer
thermometer.
Procedure
- Raise the water supply cup to the top of the resonance so that water fills the glass tube. Strike the tuning fork with the rubber hammer and hold the fork so that it vibrates vertically, as shown in the picture. The other lab partner should lower the water supply cup to allow water to drain from the glass tube, making the actual resonance tube longer. Find the first and record position(to the nearest mm.) where the sound is the loudest.
- Continue to lower the water level and find the next resonance position. See if you can find a third resonance position too.
-
Repeat this procedure for the same tuning fork two more times and calculate an average value for each resonance position.
- Repeat the entire procedure for a different tuning fork.
- Record the room temperature and frequency of each tuning fork.
Analysis and Calculations
Make a table showing the resonance tube lengths for each tuning fork. Calculate the wavelengths generated by the two tuning forks. Calculate velocity two different ways. The velocity as a function of temperature is the accepted value - determine a percent error for the other velocity calculation. As always, explain the calculations. Give some reasoning behind the numbers you come up with. List and try to explain any observations that you made during the experiment, even if they seem remotely related.
Questions and Conclusion
- If the room temperature had been lower, how would this have effected your results? Support your answer.
- Suppose we have an atmosphere of helium. How would this effect the pitch of an organ pipe? What about a tuning fork? Explain.
-
You're lying by your swimming pool, on an aluminum frame lounge chair watching a thunderstorm on a sticky 40oc day. A bright flash of lightening catches your attention. Three seconds later you hear the crack of thunder. How far close were you to being fried (in meters?)
-
A tuning fork of 128hz is held over a closed end resonance tube. What are the two shortest distances at which resonance will occur at 20oc?
Your conclusion should contain, but is not limited to, the following information. In your conclusion, summarize and generalize what you learned. Briefly explain the concepts used in this lab. How was your percent error? What could you do to minimize it? Give a real-life example of resonance of sound in tubes. Be creative.
Resonance of Air Columns
Purpose
In this experiment, the wavelength of a particular frequency of sound will be found with a resonance column. This wavelength will be used to find the velocity of sound in air.
Introduction
When a tuning fork is held over a tube, a standing wave pattern is formed in the tube. Under the right conditions constructive interference will occur at the opening to cause resonance. This is a very noticeable rise in the amplitude, or loudness, of the sound that is caused by the addition of two waves in phase with each other. One of the waves is traveling down the tube and the other is traveling back up the tube.
In a closed end tube, like the ones used in this lab, there is a zero amplitude point at the closed end. For resonance to occur, a node (total destructive interference) must be located at the closed end, and an anti-node (total constructive interference) must be located at the open end. The most obvious condition to satisfy these requirements is to have ¼ of a wave in the tube. This means that the tube must be ¼ of the wavelength for the first position of resonance. The next tube length at which resonance will occur is ½ a wavelength away, or ¾ of the total wavelength. This relationship is generalized below.
L = (1/4)λ, (3/4)λ, (5/4)λ, ...,(n/4)λ
where n = odd integer
The wavelength of a certain frequency is twice the distance between any two resonance lengths.
The equation given above might lead you to calculate the wavelength simply as four times the length of the first resonance point, but this will give you a poor result. The anti-node of the wave falls slightly outside of the tube; just how far depends on the wavelength and tube diameter. To avoid the use of a correction factor, just calculate the wavelength as twice the difference between two resonance points.
Once you know the wavelength you can calculate the wave velocity. You already know the general equation for velocity of any wave:
V = fλ
To check your answer, calculate the wave velocity with the following equation:
V = 331.4 + 0.6T(oc)
According to this equation, sound travels at 331.4m/s at zero degrees Celsius. For every degree raise in temperature, the velocity increases by 0.6m/s.
Materials Resonance tube apparatus
water
two tuning forks-different frequencies
rubber hammer
thermometer.
Procedure
- Raise the water supply cup to the top of the resonance so that water fills the glass tube. Strike the tuning fork with the rubber hammer and hold the fork so that it vibrates vertically, as shown in the picture. The other lab partner should lower the water supply cup to allow water to drain from the glass tube, making the actual resonance tube longer. Find the first and record position(to the nearest mm.) where the sound is the loudest.
- Continue to lower the water level and find the next resonance position. See if you can find a third resonance position too.
-
Repeat this procedure for the same tuning fork two more times and calculate an average value for each resonance position.
- Repeat the entire procedure for a different tuning fork.
- Record the room temperature and frequency of each tuning fork.
Analysis and Calculations
Make a table showing the resonance tube lengths for each tuning fork. Calculate the wavelengths generated by the two tuning forks. Calculate velocity two different ways. The velocity as a function of temperature is the accepted value - determine a percent error for the other velocity calculation. As always, explain the calculations. Give some reasoning behind the numbers you come up with. List and try to explain any observations that you made during the experiment, even if they seem remotely related.
Questions and Conclusion
- If the room temperature had been lower, how would this have effected your results? Support your answer.
- Suppose we have an atmosphere of helium. How would this effect the pitch of an organ pipe? What about a tuning fork? Explain.
-
You're lying by your swimming pool, on an aluminum frame lounge chair watching a thunderstorm on a sticky 40oc day. A bright flash of lightening catches your attention. Three seconds later you hear the crack of thunder. How far close were you to being fried (in meters?)
-
A tuning fork of 128hz is held over a closed end resonance tube. What are the two shortest distances at which resonance will occur at 20oc?
Your conclusion should contain, but is not limited to, the following information. In your conclusion, summarize and generalize what you learned. Briefly explain the concepts used in this lab. How was your percent error? What could you do to minimize it? Give a real-life example of resonance of sound in tubes. Be creative.
G.Bourne Is the speed of sound affected when it travels threw 18/12/01
different temperatures of air
Background knowledge
The speed of propagation of sound in dry air at a temperature of 0° C is 331.6 m/sec. If the temperature is increased, the speed of sound increases; thus, at 20° C, the velocity of sound is 344 m/sec. Changes in pressure at controlled density have virtually no effect on the speed of sound. The velocity of sound in many other gases depends only on their density. If the molecules are heavy, they move less readily, and sound progresses through such a medium more slowly. Thus, sound travels slightly faster in moist air than in dry air, because moist air contains a greater number of lighter molecules. The velocity of sound in most gases depends also on one other factor, the specific heat, which affects the propagation of sound waves.
Prediction
I predict that the velocity of sound will increase the hotter air becomes because the density is being altered if the air is very hot then there will be a high density. The air molecules expand when heated and the air molecules become lighter. Sound can travel much quicker in lighter molecules.
Plan
I am going to collect evidence, which will be first-hand. I have carried out preliminary work about the best way of collecting data. In the experiment the factors which will vary is the temperature of the air which will be inside an air column, the frequency of the sound, I am going to measure the first and second resonance position, which will be three times as long as the first resonance.
1) Collect three-resonance tube, fill one tube with ice cold water, one with water at room temperature, and another one with boiling water.
2) Collect three different frequency tuning fork, a 1000mm measuring stick, and three open-ended air columns for each of the resonance tubes.
Set the equipment out like the diagram below:
I am going to collect evidence by;
1) Taking the temperature inside the air column, and recording it.
2) Hitting the tuning the fork against a hard surface to make it vibrate then holding above the tube which is sitting in a reservoir of water the resonance tube (each one of the three resonance tubes will have water in it to chill the air in the tube or air column to the temperatures needed). Start with a very short air column with the tuning fork held above it, gradually increase the length of the tube until a strong resonance occurs. Then measure the distance from the waters surface to the end of the air column, and record the distance as the first resonance position.
3) if you then increase the length further until an other resonance occurs with the tuning fork vibrating above it, it will give you the second resonance position then record the distance of the air column.
4) Do this for each tuning fork for each in each of the air column temperatures.
To make sure the experiment fair I am going to measure the temperature of the air in the air column, before I try to find the resonance, so that if the temperature has risen or dropped. I can modify it to the set temperature of each of the three conditions. Use secondary information and combined it with my own to get an average.
The cold air temperature will be set between 4-8 C; I will set the temperature when we take the 1st temperature with the chilled water for the first tuning fork. I will then maintain that temperature through the experiment with the cold air.
I am going to use tuning forks with a frequency’s of 512,288,384.
