Poly (propene) is used to make ropes, sacking and carpets.
Chloroethene polymerizes to Poly(chloroethene)
They are capable of wide structural variation. Poly(chloroethene) is used for plastic handbags and rainwear. They are also used to produce floor tiles. It is also used in the manufacture of electric cable, displacing rubber and cotton.
It has also got disadvantages as an electric insulator because it can melt causing short circuit when there is electric fire and at high temperature with the presence of air, it can give rise to some toxic chlorine containing compounds.
Tetra Floroethene polymerize to Poly(tetrafluroethene)
They are also known as PITE or Teflon. They are capable of wide structural variation. The bond between C and F is chemically unattachable. The molecule is like a tightly twisted rope and the solid is hard and slippery.
It is used where a lubricated surface is in contact with chemicals for seals because it resists chemical attack well, like burette taps and bearings for stirres. It is also used as a surface coating for some non-stick oven wear.
e). Applied organic chemistry
- recall that halogens are used in the manufacture of herbicides and polymers; understand that the strength of the C-X bond gives a useful life to many of these compounds.
Topic 2.5: Industrial inorganic chemistry
- apply the knowledge gained in this unit concerning enthalpy change,equilibra and kinetics to justify the conditions used to obtain an economic yield in the processes in(a) and (b)
- recall the use of ammonia, nitric acid and sulphuric acid in the manufacture of inorganic fertilizers.
Nitrogen is the key element in the fertilization. Ammonium nitrate which is produced be the direct union of ammonia and nitric acid (dilute) is usually used in agriculture as fertilizers.
NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3
Ammonium sulphate is a fertilizer which contains nitrogen in fewer amounts. It is also easier to store. The ammonia and sulphuric acid are united together to give ammonium sulphate and hydrogen.
2NH3 + 2H2SO4 2NH4SO4 + H2
An inorganic fertilizer like phosphate fertilizer can be manufacture by sulphuric acid. The calcium phosphate is a solid insoluble substance which is reacted with sulphuric acid (conc.) and the product is formed. The products formed are calcium dihydrogen phosphate (which is soluble) and calcium phosphate.
Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq) Ca(H2PO4)2 (s) + 2CaSO4 (s)
Then the calcium dihydrogen phosphate and calcium sulphate are mixed up and used as fertilizers know as ‘super phosphate’.
- recall and explain the electrolysis extraction of aluminium from purified bauxite and the fact that it is economically important yet expensive.
- recall the production of chlorine and sodium chlorate(I) by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. When electrolysis of sodium chloride occurs, Na+ ions move towards the cathode, receive an electron and become neutral and liberated at the cathode. While the Cl- moves toward the anode, releases the electron it has received from Na atom, becomes neutral and gets released or liberate at the anode.
Inside the electrolyte, the flow of current is maintained by taking of electrons by Na+ ions moving toward the cathode and release of electron by Cl- ions moving towards the anode, with the result that Na+ and Cl- ion become neutral Na. and Cl. atom.
At Cathode (-) Na+ + e Na.
At Anode (+) Cl- Cl. + e
Net affect: Na+ Cl- Na. + Cl.
- recall the uses of chlorine and sodium chlorate(I).
The uses of chlorine are as follows:
- as a cheap industrial oxidation in the manufacture of bromine.
- as a bleaching agent.
- as a germicide
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used in manufacture of non-inflammable solvent.
The uses of sodium chlorate(I) are as follows:
