The aim of this experiment is to find out how different concentrations of sugar solutions effect osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water particles from a high concentration of water to lower concentration.

INTRODUCTION- (aim)

THE PROCESS OF OSMOSIS

Henri Dutrochet, a French botanist, discovered osmosis. What is osmosis?

Osmosis is a special form of diffusion:
The MOVEMENT OF WATER from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one through a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.

This type of membrane (also called semi-permeable) allows only water, but not other (dissolved) substances to pass through.

For example: a large molecule like starch is dissolved in water. The starch molecule is too large to pass through the pores in the cell membrane, so it cannot diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other. The water molecules can, and do, pass through the membrane. However, on the side of the membrane with the starch, the starch molecules interfere with the movement of the water molecules, preventing them from leaving as rapidly as they enter. As a result, more water flows into the side, which the starch than flows out, and the starch gets diluted. If the starch (or some other large molecule like a protein) is in a cell, the water moves into the cell faster than it leaves, and the cell swells. The cell membrane acts rather like a balloon, and if too much water enters the cell, the cell can burst, which kills the cell. So cells usually have some kind of mechanism for preventing too much water from entering or pumping the water out or simply making a tough outer coat that will not rip open.

VARIABLES-

There are factors that may affect the rate of osmosis:

Time the potato rods are immersed in the sugar solution for.
Surface area of the potato rods.
Mass of potato
Temperature
Volume of sugar solution.

Time the potatoes are immersed for.

This is one of the most important factors. The longer the potato rods are immersed in the sugar solution, the more osmosis is able to occur resulting in an unfair test. To prevent this the potato rods will be immersed for the same time.

Surface area of the potato rods.

The larger the surface area of the potato rod, the more osmosis I able to occur in a set period of time, therefore by keeping the surface area the same I will be able to prevent this.

Mass of potato.

The mass of each potato rod will need to be as similar as possible by weighing the rods before and after placing it in the sugar solution. This will also be made sure by using a cork borer for each of the potato rods. The rods will then be measured and weighed to ensure that the masses are very similar. They have to be of similar weight because the higher the mass of the potato cells, therefore osmosis will occur at a higher rate.

Volume of sugar solution.

The volume must be the same because otherwise more osmosis will be able to occur. Also make sure that the potato rods are properly immersed.

PREDICTION

I predict that the more concentrated the sugar solution is, the more plasmilised the potato should become. This is due to the water from the cells moving out into the sugar solution, which has less concentrated water, and has a larger concentration of the sugar.

However, in the less concentrated solution, which contains more water, the potato cells will become turgid because the water particles will move to the potato cells resulting in the potato rod becoming turgid. This is due to osmosis.

In an equal concentration, I predict that there will be no change in mass because the concentration of sugar will be at equilibrium.

PRELIMINARY WORK

For the preliminary work, three different potato rod sizes were tested in different concentrations of sugar solution, to see which one would have the best results i.e. which one osmosis occurred in the most.

The different sizes were small, medium and large. They were all the same length but different width. There were two rods for each size for two experiments. One set was for the test tubes containing water and the other was for the test tubes containing sugar solution. They were left in for approximately 20mins and they were all taken out the test tubes at the same time. As we predicted the rods in the sugar solution had lost some of its weight but the rods in the water gained more weight, which means osmosis took place.

The results of this first experiment helped the actual experiment because through this experiments I found that the medium sized potato rods had osmosis occurring the most. This experiment also helped improve the next experiment i.e. where it went wrong in the first one and how to improve it in the next and when two take the rods out etc. for this experiment only 30cm of water/sugar solution was used, but thanks to the results an improvement was made by making the volume 40cm altogether.

APPARATUS LIST AND DIAGRAM.

Measuring beaker
Plastic measuring syringe
Test tube x6 test tube rack
Distilled water
Sugar solution
Potato
Core borer
Stopwatch
Scales
Knife and chopping board.

Diagrams.

METHOD

First the rods had to be made, so the core borer was used to get some potato out.

Then the rods were cut 6cm long. After that the rods were weighed.

The first test tube was filled with 40cm of water and 0% of sugar solution using a measuring beaker.

The second test tube was filled with 32cm of water and 4% of sugar solution.

The third test tube was filled with 24cm of water and 8% of sugar solution.

The fourth test tube was filled with 16cm of water and 12% of sugar solution.

The fifth test tube was filled with 8cm of water and 16% of sugar solution.

The last test tube was filled with 0cm of water and 20% of sugar solution.

Place all these test tubes into the test tube racks.

Afterwards place the potato rods inside the test tubes at the same time and start the stopwatch.

After 20mins take the rods out of the test tubes and weigh each potato rods and record the results and then find the difference in mass. I.e. mass at the start and mass at the end.

SAFETY

Although there aren’t any seriously harmful chemicals or equipment, precautions must be taken when using the knife and the core borer. To be safe chop and bore on the chopping board. Be careful not to crack any of the test tubes. Wear goggles and lab coat during the experiment. Keep hair tied back.

FAIR TEST.

To make sure that ...

This is a preview of the whole essay

After 20mins take the rods out of the test tubes and weigh each potato rods and record the results and then find the difference in mass. I.e. mass at the start and mass at the end.

SAFETY

FAIR TEST.

To make sure that this will be a fair test,

The measurements of each liquid must be exact.
The time that the potatoes are immersed for must be the same.
The size and weight of the rods must be fairly close.
There will be four potato rods for each volume tested. This is in order to obtain average readings.
The temperature of the room, the experiment is taking place in, will be constantly the same.

OBSERVATIONS.

MODIFICATIONS

The only modification in this experiment was the volume of water in which the potatoes were going to be immersed in. in the preliminary work the volume of water was 20cm but it was brought to my attention that the potato rods were not immersed in the water properly so the volume was increased to 40cm.

RESULTS

RESULTS (continued)

The four results for each volume are the results from four potato rods tested to make sure that the evidence was accurate as possible.

ANALYSIS

TREND

Looking at the graph, it can be seen that the higher the concentration of the sugar solution, the lower the mass of the potato rods at the finish of the experiment. For instance, when there was 40cm of water and 0% of sugar solution, the change in mass was an increase of an average 12.03%. When there was 32cm of distilled water and 4% of sugar solution, there was a great increase of 8.075% though obviously not as large increase as the previous results.

As a result, when the concentration of the sugar solution is more dilute, the higher the mass is of the potato rods. For instance when there is no water and 20% of sugar solution, the average of the potato rods reduced by 11.85%

Any concentration that is greater than 12% of sugar solution and 16cm of water will undertake a positive change in mass however any concentration below 12% of sugar solution and 8cm of water will undertake a negative change in mass.

CONCLUSION

From the results gained from this experiment, it can be evidently seen that when the concentration of the sucrose solution increases, the mass of the potato rods, after the experiment, decreases, due to osmosis. This is because the water molecules are at a low concentration and the sugar solution is at a higher concentration. Therefore he water molecules moved out of the potato cells causing it to shrink and become plasmilised.

An example of where there is more sugar solution particles than water molecules, is where there is where there is 8cm of water and 16% (32cm) of sugar solution. The average mass change in % was 9.05%, meaning there was a decrease.

This is even clearer to see in other examples, for example where the solution is made out of 20% (40cm) of sucrose and 0cm of distilled water. There were no water molecules but plenty of sugar solution particles in this solution, which meant that the water molecules from the potato cells moved out into the solution, due to osmosis. This affects the mass by decreasing as we can see from the results. The % mass change being –9.4, -12.0, -13.7 and –12.3. And the average mass change being -11.85%. Which means there was a decrease. The water molecules into the potato rods diffused through the partially permeable membrane into the solution by osmosis. It can be seen from the graph, as concentration progressively increased, the mass progressively decreased, meaning the more sugar particles at hand, the more the mass decreases. What’s more it can be seen from the results that when the concentration of a solution decreases then the mass of the potato rods increases. There are more water molecules in the solution than sugar particles so the water molecules diffuse into the semi-permeable cell wall. The cell becomes turgid and firm. Therefore the less sugar present, then the higher the mass increase is at the end of the experiment.

An example of this is when there is 8% sugar solution and 24cm of water, and then there is a larger increase in mass. There is an average mass% change of 5.03%. As the concentration decreased the mass steadily increased.

The results for this experiment matched my predictions that the higher the concentration of the sugar, the larger the mass decreases.

EVALUATION.

From the graph, it undoubtedly shows that the average % mass is at its highest when there is more water present in the solution, the results being an increase of 12.03%. All the results follow the same pattern of the mass decrease, as the concentration is higher.

This is not a best-fit graph. These results do no fit on any of the best-fit lines nevertheless the mass had still decreased from the start of the experiment. Therefore this result is accurate. Although there is one anomaly. The graph clearly shows that the mass was steadily decreasing until it reached the concentration of 16% and 8cm of water. From 16cm of water and 12% of sugar solution and the average % mass being –0.1% there was an enormous decrease in the 8cm of water and 16% of sugar solution and the average % mass was –9.05%. This shows that the mass was not steadily decreasing.

There are many different issues that could have caused this anomalous result. To begin with the accuracy in measuring the water and sugar quantities in each test tube could have been a factor. If too much sugar solution were added then this would cause more water molecules to diffuse out the potato rods causing the potato cells to become plasmilised resulting in a decrease in mass. If there were too much water then there would be a more water molecule to diffuse into the potato rods resulting in an increase in mass. However syringes were used to ensure that the measurements were as accurate as possible. Although small air bubble in the syringe could alter the reading and affect the volume. Or if when squeezing the solution out, accidentally spilling without noticing.

Secondly, the length of the potato rods was one of the key points into the accuracy of the results, which is made clear from the work done in the preliminary work. A fault in measuring the length precisely would result in a different surface area. Potatoes with different surface area would give a dissimilar result, as there would be more or less potato cells to diffuse out or into of the potato.

After the experiment, the potatoes were taken out of the test-tube and blotted dry. On the other hand, if the potato rods were not blotted dry properly then this would mean that there would have been excess water that would then affect the final mass. This will result in an inaccurate result since it will not be the accurate mass of the potato.

The time that the potato rods were immersed for were kept exactly 2 hours, so it’s very unlikely that time was a factor to the inaccurate result. On the other hand any small difference would have affected the rate of osmosis and therefore it could be likelihood.

An important issue that was likely to have affected the accuracy of the results was the detail that one potato would not have been enough to take six potato rods out of and therefore two potatoes were used. It is obvious that different potatoes have different mass and different cells allowing osmosis to occur more or less according to the results. This would make the test unfair.

If there was another chance for me to do this experiment again then I think that I would try to use one very big potato for every test tube. This would guarantee that the masses at the beginning of the experiment were all of similar amounts and the cells of the potato would all be the same. Another fault that could be prevented next time would be to make sure that the water from the potato rods are blotted dry well and to make sure that there are no air bubbles in the syringe when measuring the quantity of the solutions and to make sure that none is spilt.

After giving it some thought, it has been brought to my attention that the potato rod were not strictly taken out at the same time or placed in the at the same time. The slimmest difference could alter the whole results, and could alter the effect of osmosis, giving it more time to diffuse in or out. For that reason, the potato rods have to be placed in the test tubes or taken out at the exact same time.

FURTHER WORK.

The investigation into osmosis could be looked into in more advances. To begin with the time that the potatoes are immersed for could be longer allowing more osmosis to take place. This could show the effect of osmosis after a long period of time i.e. 24 hours.

The potatoes could have been immersed in different solution or even a different pH. This could alter the rate of osmosis.

Different food groups could be tested not just potatoes. Other food groups could possibly have different cell properties. The size of the potato rods could be changed to see if the size of the potato rods really makes a big impact on the experiment. The temperature could be decreased or increased to see how fast or slow osmosis takes place.

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**"My biggest fantasy? A big pool of jello. That's all I'm gonna say."** ~Joey

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**"That song is not about horses."** -Lance, about Giddy Up

**"You say it once and BOOOM it's a trend!"** ~Justy

**"Red stands for right and blue stands for...not right."** ~Chris

**"...in a desperate plea for PURE ANIMAL SEX...now that I have your attention.."** ~Lance

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