we need oxygen and glucose to gain energy. We will need more energy when exercising because we have been using it. The blood contains Oxygen and Glucose, so our blood pumps faster when exercising to get these products to the cells for respiration.
Fair Test : To make this investigation a fair test we will be using the same person to measure the pulse of as different people have different fitness levels and recovery rates.
Safety : To make sure this investigation is safe we will be skipping in a place with sufficient room to support the skipping rope. The correct footwear will be used as normal 'school' shoes will not give the correct support to the skipper.
Apparatus List : Pulse rate monitor and watch
Stop watch
Skipping Rope
Training Shoes
Method : I have put this method together by looking at the trial run. We will take the pulse at rest using a pulse rate monitor. Then we will skip for one minute, after this the pulse will be taken and recorded, we will find the change and work out the average difference from two results for each time. We will then repeat the above changing the length in which we skip for going up at one minute intervals to five minutes.
Results :
Graph :
Conclusion : From my results I can see that as the time of exercise increases so does the average change of the pulse rate. This is because you need more oxygen in your cells to keep the exercise going as they need energy. In aerobic respiration you add oxygen and glucose to give you energy.
Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
An increase in your pulse rate shows that there is an increase in your blood pressure, indicating an increase in our heart rate to get more oxygen to our tissues. To do this the respiratory rate has to increase to get more oxygen. In aerobic respiration we also use glucose with the oxygen to give us more energy. If we do not have oxygen in respiration then it is called anaerobic respiration, this is our short term energy system for when our muscles are working at a hard for a short amount of time e.g. Sprint runner. As we do not have oxygen in this we use our body stores of Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) to give us energy. However this runs out after a while and we use Adenosinediphosphate (ADP) and glycogen in our body to create more this gives a waste product of Pyruvic acid and if oxygen is not put into this then we have the final product of lactic acid. In the first two or so minute of exercise we use our Creatine Phosphate (CP), from then till about five/six minutes we use our anaerobic system from then on we use our aerobic system. Our creatine phosphate does not use oxygen as it is fuel that our body already has, if we go over the creatine phosphate supply we go into anaerobic respiration. This is our short term energy supply. Also known as our lactic acid system. It uses ATP to give us energy this energy gives us ADP which uses glycogen to give us ATP and pyrovic acid and as we have no oxygen it this goes to lactic acid which can lead to tiredness, muscle cramp and fatigue. After this we need to payback the oxygen debt that we have to replace oxygen stores in our body. However if we do not stop at this we go into aerobic respiration which needs oxygen as it is our long term energy system and has to repay the oxygen debt. In aerobic respiration ADP plus glycogen which is stored glucose gives us ATP and pyrovic acid as the waste product. As we have oxygen it does not lead to lactic acid it removes it.
Anaerobic Respiration
Short term energy system
ATP → Energy → ADP
ADP + glycogen → ATP +Pyrovic acid (no oxygen) → Lactic acid
Aerobic Respiration
Long term energy system
ATP → Energy → ADP
ADP +Glycogen → ATP + Pyrovic acid
This shows us that during the exercise we used the Anaerobic system. This tells us why the pulse rate increased for a short time after exercise as we need oxygen to pay back our oxygen debt to get rid of lactic acid which is harmful to us. This returns us back to homeostasis which maintenance of all our body levels at a constant including our water and several others. Good control involves the nervous or endocrine system being of good action. Control of carbon dioxide involves the nervous system. A rise in carbon dioxide in the blood as in exercise will increase our breathing rate so that it is breathed out which in turn increases our pulse rate. This involves negative feedback when a change in a system can somehow affect whatever it was that caused the change. Negative feedback helps us to keep things the same. In this case after exercise our breathing rate increases to give us more oxygen which increases the pulse rate to pump it around the body so that our oxygen levels can get back to normal. Once this has happened the pulse will return to normal and remove the lactic acid. This is after the exercise and is Aerobic respiration which needs oxygen to get rid of the lactic acid. Anaerobic respiration is also the process where useable energy from glucose without the need for oxygen.
Evaluation : I think my results are quite accurate although we have an anomalous result for our five minute exercise which we marked on the graph. You can see they are quite accurate by looking at an aerobic respiration graph this is another reason that we knew that one of the results was anomalous. I feel it could of been anomalous for a couple of reasons one being that the skipper could of stopped through the exercise time, skipped slower or may of waited to long after the exercise to take the reading. If I was to do this investigation again I would gather more results as it would lead to a better average as was proven with our anomalous result which brought the average down so did not give us as accurate results as I would of hoped but they still showed us what needed to be shown. I would also give the skipper more time to recover in between skips as I do not feel we gave him enough time to repay his oxygen debt properly which can lead to high results. Although I feel that to give a more detailed conclusion I could include how a training regime or diet could affect the pulse of certain people. Overall I am happy with the way this investigation went as my Hypothesis was correct.
