• use of LORAN and GPS enabling vessels to return to within 10m of a chosen location namely sites where fish gather and breed
• receive satellite weather maps of water-temperature fronts, indicating where fish will be travelling
PRIOR TO THE 1950:
→ found fish using knowledge and instinct
→ caught them in nets no more than a hectare or two in size
→ limited fuel and refrigeration kept boats close to home
• fish are thrown back into the sea because they are damaged, unsalable, the wrong species or too small
• if a vessel has a licence to catch only hacklock then any other species caught must be thrown back
• 25% of total catch is bycatch
• use of beam trawlers – chains are dragged over the seabed to drive fish into the nets => kills bottom-dwelling sea creatures
c.) Detail the ways in which technological advance has threatened fish stocks in terms of indirect actions.
• 12% of marine pollution is due to oil spills and only 10% is caused by ship dumping at sea
• runoff and discharges from land causes 44% and airborne emissions 33% of total sea pollution
• ships still tip rubbish overboard and empty oil waste into the sea
• pollution from factories, sewage and agriculture can bring toxic substances to the sea and can add excessive nutrients, causing a reduction of oxygen levels in water
Water Resources:
4. Which is the main problem in Developing Countries – poor water quality or insufficient quantity?
Poor water quality:
• although rivers in more affluent countries have become steadily cleaner, the revers has been true for Developing Countries.
• drity water causes 80% of disease in Developing countries
• 25000 children die from dieseases caused by unsafe water every day.
•90% of sewage is discharged into rivers, lakes and seas without treatment
• half of the population does not have access to safe drinking water
• In Bengladesh (India) million of people are poisoned to death
• experts believe that this impuse was given by the Green Revolution who sunk 3 million thbe wells in Bengladesh alone
• result: water-based diseases like bilharzia
5.) Exemplify the benefits of the Bureau of Reclamation’s multipurpose dams along the Colorado river and its tributaries.
• Hydroelectric powerplants at Hoover, Davis and Parker Dams generate nearly 6 billion kilowatt hours of electricity in an average year
• managing, protecting and enhancing fish and wildlife habitant
• both upper and lower basin receive theoretically an equal amount of water
6.) Suggest how a new “demand-side” strategy might solve the problem of allocating the finite supply of Colorado water.
• developing new groundwater resources => politically unacceptable
• using techniques lf weather modification (like cloud seeding) to provide water => environmentally and politically unacceptable
• building a desalination plant => expensive
• exploit frozen reserves of Antarctic water and bring it to California => cost, evaporation loss and environmental effects
HL – Arid and Semi-Arid Environments:
1.a) Explain the physical conditions which create the different types of mechanical and chemical weathering processes which take place in arid environments.
Mechanical weathering:
• temperature change => creates rhythm of expansion and contraction of rock surfaces
• geological structure, surface colour and chemical composition of rocks all influence the way in which they disintegrate
chemical weathering:
• high evaporation rates
• deposition within the groundwater
• presence of water
b.) Asses the relative importance of wind and water action in the formation of desert landscapes and landforms.
2.a) With the aid of diagrams explain the evolution of the various features which occur within intermontane basins in deserts and how they may change over time.
b.) Explain why many present day features within desert landscapes are believed to be the product of environmental conditions of the past.
3.a) With reference to Figure 5.2, explain how the different geomorphic processes at work in arid areas relate to aspects of desert climates.
b.) Describe how the main types of mechanical weathering in deserts take place in relation to both climate and rock type.
Four main types:
Granular disintegration (granite) – grain rocks break down into grains of sand
Block separation (sandstone) – well-joined sedimentary rocks break down along their joints and bedding planes which are their main lines of weakness
Shattering ( basalt) – rocks which have neiter coars grains nor a blocky structure may shatter into irregular fragments with shark edges
Exfoliation (sandstone; granite) – surface of any rock is more exposed to temperature change than the underlying srata; peel off in layers
Frost shattering – water which is trapped in cracks in the rocks will freeze and expand, then thaw and contract => leads to fragmentation
Wetting and drying – soft rocks absorb water, expand, dry out, and contract => continuous expansion and contraction cause fragmentation
c.) Explain why water action can be regarded as more important than wind action in certain desert areas.
4.a) Account for the wide variety of sand dune types to be found in desert areas. Sketch diagrams will be useful to illustrate your answer.
Zibar – formed transverse ridges up to a few metres high, which often have their movement impeded by clumbs of vegetation
Parabolic – slow moving as their wind ward “horns” are often partly anchored by vegetation
Nebkha – dunes form on the lee side of vegetation
Dome – simple accumulations of sand a few metres height
Transverse dunes – can reach several hundred metres in height;
Barchas – cresecent shaped dunes which have a gentle windward slope and a steep leeward slope
Transverse ridge – steep and gentle slopes formed in much the same way as on barchans, but have a much simpler shape.
Barchanoid dunes – somewhere between barchans and transverse ridges.
Linear dunes – form parallel to the prevailing wind
Linear ridges – simple, crested dunes
Seif dunes – serrated crests and sides as a result of the action of localised eddy winds
Reverse dunes – snaking ridges which result from an area having two seasonal winds which blow in opposing directions
Star dunes – develop where no wind is dominant yet there are strong winds blowing in differnt directions
b.) Choose three features from Figure 5.7 and with the aid of sketch diagrams, explain their mode of origin.
Mesas and buttes – when eroded, these rocks are left with a protective, more resistant cap-rock which is instrumental in determining their shape. Mesas are plateau-like mountains which tend to have steep edges. Buttes are more pillar-like formations which are left behind after much more erosion has taken place.
Canyons – are much deeper, steeper sided versions of wadis, and are particulary assosciated with the downcutting of flowing water into rock surfaces. Beside the effect of water action, canyons are mainly caused by shift of the tectonic plates.
c.) Why are tectonic changes a major factor in the evolution of such a landscape as in Figure 5.7?
because of the tectonic uplift working together with fluvial erosion, a canyon was created.
Africa Question:
10 countries in Africa, labled 1-10 and a chart with GDP per person and overall, Debt, and malnutrition (not enough calories).
(a): choose any two countries and match them to their numbers.
Seirra Leone (#2) and Niger (#4).
(b) Describe the limitations of the indications shown in the diagram (GDP, ect.) as measures of development
GDP:
• Changes in quality and the inclusion of new goods – higher quality and/or new products often replace older products. Many products, such as cars and medical devices, are of higher quality and offer better features than what was available previously. Many consumer electronics, such as cell phones and DVD players, did not exist until recently.
• Leisure/human costs – GDP does not take into account leisure time, nor is consideration given to how hard people work to produce output. Also, jobs are now safer and less physically strenuous than they were in the past. Because GDP does not take these factors into account, changes in real income could be understated.
• Underground economy - Barter and cash transactions that take place outside of recorded marketplaces are referred to as the underground economy and are not included in GDP statistics. These activities are sometimes legal ones that are undertaken so as to avoid taxes and sometimes they are outright illegal acts, such as trafficking in illegal drugs.
• Harmful Side Effects - Economic "bads", such as pollution, are not included in GDP statistics. While no subtractions to GDP are made for their harmful effects, market transactions made in an effort to correct the bad effects are added to GDP.
• Non-Market Production - Goods and services produced but not exchanged for money, known as "nonmarket production", are not measured, even though they have value. For instance, if you grow your own food, the value of that food will not be included in GDP. If you decide to watch TV instead of growing your own food and now have to purchase it, then the value of your food will be included in GDP.
Malnutrition measure:
• depending on the type of measures, the result might vary (e.g. when using the body mass index to find malnutrition, it can vary by the bone structure of a person..some people have bigger bones and might therefore weight more than people with smaller bone structure)
• peoples weight might change over time.
• when using the example Africa - limitation: thousand of people die per day and new children are given birth to
(c) By means of annotated population pyramid, describe four demographic charateristics that are common to all the countries marked on the map.
• life expectancies are low
• population growth rate is high
• low standard of living
• orphanhood high in countries with high AIDS death rates
• more women than men have no schooling
This comparative report presents summary and statistical findings for 41 countries from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)-II and -III. Findings update the demographic characteristics of households and include a new chapter on socioeconomic characteristics. DHS-II and -III had additional questions on parental survivorship and residence, child fostering, and orphans. The population pyramid in sub-Saharan Africa shows that the largest proportion of the population were children aged 0-4 years, with the exception of Kenya and Zimbabwe. Data from 16 countries with two recent DHS surveys show that population aged 5-15 years declined slightly. Declines were greater in countries where fertility was in transition. These countries included the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Indonesia, Morocco, Peru, and Zimbabwe. Large households were more common in the Near East and North Africa and parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The male-headed household (over 80%) was largely intact in most countries of the Near East, North Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 14 of 22 countries in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa, the percentage of female-headed households was quite high, and ranged from 21% to 39%. In 50% of 16 countries, the proportion of female-headed households increased, and in 50% of the countries the proportion decreased. Orphanhood under the age of 15 years was low in most countries, but higher in sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. It was high in countries with high AIDS death rates. The same patterns applied to fostering. Most countries with the lowest levels of educational attainment had a Muslim majority. More women than men had no schooling in all regions. Sub-Saharan African countries had the lowest standard of living scores.
(d) With reference to specific examples, evaluate how effective trade (or food aid) has been in solving poverty and malnutrition.
• has increased the dependence of developing countries on food imports
• farmers from developing countries have to produce at competitive prices
• food aid is inefficient--it often fails to reach the most needy and has high administrative costs
• trying control the world
• say “ money values should rule over life values”
• global constitution
• most un-democratic organizations
• instrument to contronl the world
• agreement on agriculture – developing countries are unable to produce own food
• no (or low) subsidies – cause countries don’t have the money
• products produced in developing countries are dumped
• food from other countries is much cheaper than cost of production because of subsidies
• => unequal competition
• farmers are put out of business
• not a organisation to promote free trade, it’s an agreement to consolidate and hold on on monopoly
