Data Processing and Presentation.
Positive feed back
(use up of glucose)
High blood glucose level low blood glucose level
Negative feedback
(break down of glycogen)
Conclusion and Evaluation
The hypothesis was proved to be true. Since volunteer 1 had a glucose rich breakfast of dates and honey, he had a high blood glucose level, which was regulated by homeostasis by employment of positive feedback. The glucose in his blood was broken down to provide energy and so his blood glucose level fell. As for volunteer 2, she had a normal breakfast and so her glucose level was relatively normal. However as she played, her blood glucose fell and so negative feedback occurred in order to regulate the glucose level in her blood. This accounts for the higher value of blood glucose level than the previous after playing the game of squash.
Aim
To find out if more chloride is expelled during sport or retained during sport such as to influence water retention or water loss.
Hypothesis
concentration of urine depends on the water needs of an individual, depending on the type of sport and hydration level.The more the urine is concentrated, the less hydrated an individual is and as such more chloride is let out into the blood so as to retain water in the body. The less concentrated the urine of an individual is shows that less chloride is let out into the blood so that water is lost and not retained. This mechanism enables for the blood plasma concentration to be at a constant.varying amounts of water and salts are selectively eliminated by the kidney depending on their levels in the body. amount Chloride can therefore be detected in a urine sample.
Apparatus
- large test-tubes (with stoppers) *2
- labels
-
burette(25cm3)
-
pipette(2cm3)
- Glass rod
-
pipette(10cm3)
- Porcelain bowls*2
Chemicals
-
50cm3 0.1M Silver nitrate
- Methyl benzene
- 50% v/v nitric acid
-
50cm3 0.1M
- potassium thiocyanate
- Ammonium iron (iii) sulphate
Procedure
- 2 large test-tubes were labeled A and B.
- Urine samples of specimen A and B were collected into the respective test-tubes.
- Specimen A and B were let out to play basketball for an hour and a half.
- Their urine samples were then collected after the game in two other large test-tubes.
-
2cm3 portions of each of the urine samples before the game were pipetted and transferred into clean porcelain bowls that were labeled.
-
10cm3 portions of silver nitratye solution were pipetted and then added into each of the porcelain bowls.
- The mixture was left to stand for five minutes and a white coagulated precipitate formed .
- A spatula end of Iron alum was then added to the precipitates.
- Unprecipitated silver was then titrated with 0.1M KCNS until a permanent red colour was produced
- The above procedure was repeated for the urine samples collected after the game.
Data collection
Analysis
Specimen A had ^ glasses of water in the course of the day before playing basketball while specimen B had only one glass. This background information accounts for the reason as to why A had less concentrated urine as compared to B. This could be observed from the intensity of the colour of the urine.B had to reabsorb more water in order to maintain the water concentration in the blood plasma . this was controlled homeostatically by the release of the antidiuretic hormone which controls the reabsorption of water. As for A, he had to loose water so that the concentration of blood plasma was less dilute.Lower concentration of chloride ions was seen in the urine of specimen A since the body did not require to release many chloride ions to retain water.As for B more chloride ions were released into the urine as he required to retain more water.
Conclusion
It is therefore true to say that our hypothesis was proven true. Water retention and loss is regulated homeostatically by the body through the release of varying amounts of chloride ins into the urine, depending on the body’s needs for water.
Aim
To investigate indirectly the carbon dioxide amount during swimming
Hypothesis
During swimming, carbon dioxide content increases while oxygen content reduces. This leads to an increase in the chest cavity and also the need for oxygen in the body and thus the panting. Chest cavity size therefore depends on the body’s need for oxygen.
Apparatus
- Swimming pool
- a tape measure
- 2volunteers
- a stopwatch
Procedure
- The chest size of 2 volunteers of nearly similar height was measured and the values recorded.
- the 2 volunteers were made to swim for thirty minutes.
- Immediately after swimming, their chest sizes were measured again.
Data collection
Analysis
The chest cavity sizes of the two volunteers increased. This is because the volume of the lungs increased so that more oxygen could be absorbed within a larger surface area. Also so that more carbon dioxide could be expelled .