Arbitration: The settlement of a dispute by the decision of a judge, or other arbiter.
Article X: It's an agreement in the League of nations which requires a country to refuse trade with the aggressor or a conflict.
Causes of WWII
Spanish Civil War (Non-intervention)
Right-Wing government: The more conservative or reactionary part of the government.
Left-Wing government: The more liberal or radical part of the government.
Causes: After the fall of monarchy, the left wing and right wing governments became opposed to one another. Francisco Franco was leader of Morocco army and had the support of right-wings. He continued to try to overthrow the Republican government in 1936.
Events: At first, other countries were not involved. But soon, Germany and Italy sided with Franco. Canadians were still following isolationism, but some did continue to join Canada's battalion, Mackenzie-Papineau
Mackenzie-Papineau: Named after the two leaders who fought for responsible government in Canadian rebellions in 1837. They fought fiercely before withdrawing from the war. 1/2 of the volunteers died.
Consequences: After Franco won and became a dictator in Spain, there were three dictators in Europe who had been known to help one another often.
Hitler also continued to take advantage of the major power's unwillingness to fight.
Appeasement
Appeasement: To satisfy the enemy's demands in order to get them to cooperate.
Neville Chamberlain: Prime Minister of Britain Pre-WWII to 1941.
Neville Chamberlain liked the policy of appeasement because he believed Hitler to be reasonable man who would stick to his agreements.
Munich Act: Chamberlain gave Hitler Sudetenland if he agreed to leave the rest of Czechoslovia alone.
Fascism
Extreme NATIONALISM, MILITARISM, PRESECUTION of visible minorities and communists.
Started in Italy by Benito Mussolini
Italian dictator/fascist during WWII.
The Italian fascists wanted to build a war machine that could build a new Italian empire.
In Germany, the focus was LEBENSRAUM and ANSCHULLUS.
Lebensraum: Living space for German people.
Hitler's Rise
In jail for conspiracy, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf about destiny of Germans.
Germans were looking for scapegoats for economic trouble.
Hitler became chancellor and der fuher (leader) and did totalitarian rule.
Anti-Semitism= State Policy
Numbering laws= Jews are not Germans, cannot vote and cannot have jobs.
Jews are forced to live in ghettos.
In 1941, extermination began.
Jews were sent to concentration camps where they eventually killed in gas chambers.
GERMANY INVASION
March 1936: Rhineland
March 1938: Austria
October 1938: Sudetenland
March 1939: Czechoslovia
September 1: Poland
April 1940: Norway
May 1940: France, Belgium, Netherlands
July 1940: Battle of Britain
April 1941: Greece and Yugoslavia
Terms
Scapegoats: Persons or things made to bear the blame for the mistakes or wrong-doings of others.
Ghettos: Parts of a city inhabited mainly or entirely by a minority group forced to live there for reasons of poverty, prejudice or government policy.
Genocide: Systematic extermination of a national, cultural or religious group.
Holocaust: The systematic killing of over 6 million Jews and other undesirables by the Nazi regime in Germany, before and during WWII.
Totalitarian Rule: A form of government in which a central authority exercises strict control over economic, social and cultural life.
Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass. Hitler Youth, Nazi storm troops and members of the SS beat, brutalized and murdered Jews throughout the German Reich. Synagogues were vandalized and burnt down. Houses and Jewish shops were torn down.
War In Europe
New Kind of War
MORE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Low range bombers
Faster tanks
Motorized forces
NEW WEAPONS
Bazookas
Better machine gun
BETTER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Rader warning systems: Helped win the Battle of Britain against German air force.
Cryptologists: Codes for commanders to troops.
HANDOUT- Lightning War to Phoney War to Battle of Britain
Bliztiberg= It focused on speed, surprise and weight of attack. Airplanes attacked inside the enemies defences, while tanks broke through the defences.
NAZI-SOVIET ACT= Russia gave Germany grain and raw materials (copper, nickel, tin, iron ore). They also removed the threat of a war from the West. Germany gave Russia a technical knowhow for armaments industry. They also gave Russia part of Poland and all of Ethiopia, Lithonia, etc.
PHONEY WAR= For a long period of time, the opposing sides simply prepared and prepared. There were no attacks and no action was taken. Germany was busy preparing for many long attacks and the Allies were on the defensive, therefore too afraid to attack first.
Britain/ France decided to tighten blockade on Germany and planned to take over Norway. This plan FAILED as German forces were anticipating the attack.
May 10= Winston Churchill becomes President of the US. On the same day, Hitler invades Belgium and Netherlands.
One week later, the Blitzberg cracked through French defences.
The Maginot line had provided a strong defence, but were no match for German Army. This was humiliating from France as they had expected the Maginot Line was the one defence that they did not need to worry over or strongly fortify. Hitler's 7 divisions managed to take over the 13 divisions at the Maginot Line.
Operation Dynamo: A plan to lift what they could of a trapped British army and their French allies from the beaches of Dunkirk.
Mussolini, despite his earlier statement of not attacking until 1944, now attacked in the south east.
A French force, outnumbered two to one, beat the Italian force.
France signed an armistice with Germany in June 1940. Petain then set up office in Vichy and formed what would be known as the Vichy Government.
Charles de Gaulle: Was the leader of the fighting group, Free French. He escaped to Britain, who would not accept him. This is because they did not want to acknowledge the Vichy government and also he did not represent France as a nation to them.
Operation Sea Lion: An assault on Britain to be carried out by land, sea and air forces.
Hitler continued to postpone it, until eventually the Operation was halted.
Dieppe
Was an attack due to Soviet Union's request for a distraction on the western front.
Things went horribly wrong
Ships were delayed so the attack happened in daylight.
Bombers meant to attack German ships were delayed.
Barbed wire surrounded the soldiers and guarded by artillery emplacements.
Served two purposes: Satisfied Soviet Union's demands and gave Canadians experience.
D-Day
June 6, 1944=1944 Operation Overload began.
It was a plan to use a naval and aerial bombardment to knock out German tanks, gun batteries and air bases.
The Americans would attack on the west of the beach.
The British and Canadians would attack on the east of the beach.
Was largely a success!
However, German guns weren't knocked out, so more casualties on the part of the Allies than planned.
Italian Campaign
July 1943=1943 Allied forces landed in Italy and marched upward.
Canada invaded Sicily and moved to Orton, where they beat the German defence.
Went on to beat Aldolf Hitler Line (last German defence before Rome).
Were a very important part to the invasion of Italy.
Canadian Involvement Around the World
Hong Kong
Canadians first engagement of WWII.
Japan took over the British colony of Hong Kong after the attack on Pearl Harbour
Canada was a part of the few troops that were sent to protect Hong Kong. The outnumbered troops managed to hold out against the Japanese from 8-22 December, until ammunition ran out.
Over 1/4 of Canadians that were sent to Hong Kong never came back.
War at Sea
Canada's navy greatly expanded during WWII.
The Royal Canadian army was involved in…
- Warfare in North Atlantic
- Defense of the west coast due to feared Japanese attack
During ATLANTIC WARFARE…
Germany= Tried to cut off supplies of USA and Britain
Allied Powers= Wanted to end the German threat
German threat:
German wolf packs hunted at the Atlantic on slow merchant ships carrying supplies to Britain.
There main hit on Canada was the 21 ships they sank at St. Lawrence.
1941=Germany had control of the Atlantic.
Convoys were sent with merchant ships
Newfoundland became the center of Atlantic force.
Britain began to send destroyers with their merchant ships.
After the RCAF for long range bombers, the u-boats became less effective.
Black Pit: An area of land on the Atlantic that is beyond the range of land based aircraft.
Wartime Restrictions and Excesses
Terms
Enemy Aliens: Non-citizens from a warring country.
Internment Camps: Detention facilities used to intern people.
Conscientious Objectors: Persons whose beliefs do not let them act as combatants in time of war.
Pacifism: The principal of opposing war or other violence to settle disputes; the refusal to fight.
Refugees: Persons who flee for refuge or safety, especially o a foreign country, in time of persecution, war, etc.
Cairine Wilson: First female senator in Canada. Headed the Canadian National Committee Council on Refugees and opposed anti-Semitism.
Blacks, Aboriginals, Japanese in Canada
Japanese
Little evidence to suggest Japanese would attack, but citizens still continued to think this way.
Worst on West coast, where Anti-Asian was a long historical problem.
At first, 38 Japanese were arrested as spies with little proof.
February 1942: Any Japanese living 62 km of the BC coast would move inland.
Many Japanese were interned at abandoned mining towns. Others worked as farm labourers in the Prairies and Ontario.
After war, couldn't go to the west of the Rockies and couldn't vote until 1949.
Blacks
Until 1942, the government ignored employer's restrictions on hiring Blacks.
Practiced ended after protests from university kids and campaign by the press.
War caused many black civil rights groups to start.
By the end, there were groups in all the major cities across Canada.
Natives were the same way. They also believed if they fought for the country, they deserved to be treated like everybody else.
War brought more feelings of civil rights.
Radical Discrimination Act: Prohibited the publication or broadcast or anything that discriminated on the basis of race or creed.