Secondly, the language used in the poem also helps bring about a balanced atmosphere. The first stanza begins with “No, no, go,” low frequency, negative, gloomy sounds that evoke the feeling of melancholy. There are several negative images that follow. There is an allusion to Lethe, the River of Forgetfulness in Greek mythology. Other allusions to Greek mythology are Proserpine or Persephone, goddess of the underworld and Psyche who is commonly associated with the soul. The reference to Persephone reflects how Keats feels about melancholy. Like Persephone’s obligation to spend half the year in the underworld and the other on the face of the earth, melancholy can be seen as partly bad but partly good as well, since without knowing how melancholy feels, one would not know how joy feels. Poisonous plants like wolf’s-bane, nightshade and yew-berries are mentioned – likened to melancholy. At the end of the first stanza, there are low frequency sounds on the words “anguish of the soul”. This draws out the line and puts emphasis on its meaning. In the second stanza there is a simile, likening melancholy to a cloud that has fallen from the sky – heaven to be precise. Heaven is a positive word, associated with where melancholy comes from in the poem. This juxtaposition of positive and negative images also helps to enforce the point that melancholy and joy are connected. Further evidence of this is the term “weeping cloud” that implies rain, which is usually associated with dreariness, but in truth it also nourishes – it “fosters the droop-headed flowers”. The mention of the “droop-headed” flowers is sad, but the nurturing of them is happy. The mention of the word “rainbow” in line six of the second stanza adds even more reinforcement to this idea. The word “rain” has a high frequency sound – a happier sound, whereas the word “bow” has a lower frequency sound – a gloomier sound. On top of this, a rainbow requires both sun and rain to occur. The phrase “April shroud” also contains contrasts. “April” implies spring, life and happiness, whereas “shroud” implies death. Positive images that flood the senses are featured on lines five to seven. These counterbalance the negative images featured in the first stanza. There is a pun on the word “morning” in the seventh line – it could also be taken as “mourning” which is a contrasting word to “morning”. In the eighth line of the second stanza melancholy is personified. The poet refers to it as “mistress” and “her”. The term “rich anger” is used. It is a paradox, and it enforces the idea of balance. In the last line of the second stanza, the words “feed deep, deep” are employed. They all contain high frequency sounds, which give off the feeling of energy, which contrasts the melancholy. The term “peerless eyes” in the last line is a pun since it could mean that no one can match those eyes, or it could also mean that the eyes are unable to perceive. The third stanza continues the personification of melancholy. However, Beauty, Joy, Pleasure and Poison are personified as well. The poet says that Beauty, Melancholy and Joy go hand in hand in hand. The mention of the word “die” in line one of the third stanza is a negative image. There is an enjambment from line two to line three. The word “adieu” in line three of the third stanza also proposes a negative image. In line four of the second stanza, the word “poison” is used in conjunction with the term “bee-mouth”. The “bee-mouth” is a delicate image, whereas poison is a cruder one. On the last line of the poem the contrasting term “cloudy trophies” is used. Hence, the language employed in the poem, the balance of happy and sad, positive and negative helps create and maintain the mood of equality of the poem.
Finally the overall message that is conveyed aids with achieving the sense of balance present in the poem. The theme of the poem is that in life everything is balanced, to value joy, one must have encountered sorrow. In order to identify beauty, one must have seen ugliness. This is achieved through the paradox – Keats’ main figure of speech. This idea is reflected in the philosophy of melancholy presented by the poet. Everyone can relate to this since there are a lot of things in everyday life that people take for granted. The idea of karma is based on this. Therefore, the universal message conveyed by the poem revolves around balance, which helps enforce the mood of balance present in the poem.
In life it is important to have equal amounts of everything – good and bad. In John Keats’ “Ode on Melancholy”, an atmosphere of equilibrium is created with the help of the mantra on sorrow of the poet, the language used and the overall message conveyed.
