(g) the disadvantages of breast feeding :
The only disadvantages for the baby in breastfeeding occur when things are not going well, for example, if there's an inadequate supply of breast milk or an inefficient suck reflex in the baby. However, it is unusual for a mother not to produce enough milk for her baby unless she is not breastfeeding correctly or frequently enough. The disadvantages that most commonly arise involve the rest of the family. Siblings and dad often feel "left out" of baby care since mom is the only one who can do the nursing. However, other family members can be involved in helping with different aspects of the baby's care, and this gives them a valuable feeling of importance and allows mom a chance to rest.
Breast-fed babies eat more often than formula-fed babies since breast milk is more quickly digested and leaves the stomach empty more frequently. This puts a little more on the mother because of the potential necessity for more frequent feedings. If the mother develops certain medical conditions, whether or not to continue breastfeeding may need to be reassessed. These conditions should always be discussed with the doctor. However, it is rare that breastfeeding would need to be discontinued completely. In any interaction, the mother's doctor and/or pharmacist should be informed that she is breastfeeding. Some medicines should be avoided during breastfeeding. Numerous other medications have not yet been adequately studied in the context of breastfeeding and the possible effects on the baby. If a breastfeeding mother is required to take a medication which has not been fully studied, she may want to consider discussing this matter with her doctor.
(ii) In the case of a bottle-fed infant, describe :
(a) feed preparation :
When it comes to preparing infant formula and washing bottles, cleanliness is essential. A baby's immune system is not fully developed. So the baby is very susceptible to food borne illness caused by bacteria in improperly cleaned equipment. Feed preparation :
- Wash your hands well with soap and warm water.
- Wash bottles, nipples, and caps in a dishwasher, or in hot soapy water, using a bottle and nipple brush. Rinse well and drain upside down on a clean towel.
- Nipples and bottles can be sanitized by placing them in boiling water for 2 minutes. Then let them air dry. You can also wash bottles, rings, and caps in the top rack of the dishwasher. Look for special baskets designed for the dishwasher to keep small pieces from falling to the bottom of the dishwasher.
- Check the expiration date and be sure that the can of formula is not bulged, dented or rusted.
- Shake and wash off the top of the formula can. Open it with a clean can opener.
- Tap water (rather that bottled or spring water) is recommended. Use only cold water after letting it run a minute. Hot water or water that has been standing in the pipes could have more lead in it.
- If you have well water, contact your health department or water utility to have it tested for safety. Use purchased distilled water for making formula until you know your water is safe for your baby. Distilled water is purer than spring or mineral water. It has no fluoride, so your baby may need fluoride drops. Check with your baby's doctor.
- Pay careful attention to the mixing instructions on the infant formula label. Adding too much water during preparation dilutes the formula, meaning that your baby may not get an adequate supply of nutrients and energy. Adding too little water makes the formula concentrated. This can be difficult for your baby to digest and may cause dehydration.
- For accurate measurements, use a standard measuring cup rather than the markings on the side of a bottle.
- Properly storing your formula cans, both unopened and opened, is important for ensuring your baby's safety.
- Unopened cans should be stored in an area away from extreme heat or cold. Do not freeze formula in a can or prepared formula in the bottle.
- Opened cans of ready-to-feed and concentrated liquid formula should be tightly covered and stored in the refrigerator. Use within 48 hours.
- Opened powder cans should be covered with the plastic lid and stored in a cool, dry place. Do not leave the lid off the can. Do not store the can of powder in the refrigerator. Use the powder within 2-3 months.
- For convenience, prepare a supply of bottles ahead. Mix the amount your baby will eat within 24-48 hours. Date and store the prepared infant formula in the refrigerator.
- Store prepared bottles of formula in the refrigerator. Use within 48 hours of preparation.
- Formula left in a baby bottle after a feeding should never be saved for another feeding. Bacteria from the baby's mouth can contaminate and cause formula to spoil.
(b) bottles needed :
2 – 6 bottles. These come in either small 120 -150 mls or large 260 mls. Whilst baby is going to only drink small quantities initially they will gradually increase the amount as they grow.
(c) sterilisation techniques used on the equipment :
During their first year of life, babies are at their most vulnerable to viruses, bacteria and parasitic infections, which can lead to anything from a mild attack of thrush to the more serious condition of gastroenteritis. This is an illness similar to food poisoning, which can cause , and subsequent dehydration.
Before sterilisation was the norm, thousands of infant deaths were caused by this condition. The cases we see now, which are rarely as serious, are often connected to inadequate sterilising procedures. It is not possible or practical to create a totally germ-free environment for your baby but you can reduce the risks during his vulnerable first year.
Cleaning the baby's equipment
It is not enough to wash bottles in soapy water alone, although before sterilising they need to be cleaned thoroughly along with the teats, so that every trace of milk is removed. Make sure that the detergent you used has been carefully rinsed off and run water through each teat to ensure the hole is not clogged with milk curds. Using salt is no longer recommended for the cleansing of silicone teats but is perfectly safe with latex ones. Just tip a little salt into the teat, grind the teat between your fingers, then rinse thoroughly. Check teats and bottles carefully and throw out any with splits or cracks because damaged surfaces can also harbour bacteria.
Cleaning the baby's bottles in a dishwasher is becoming more popular but the right temperature for sterilisation will only be reached on a hot programme of 80 degrees C or more. Bottles must then be filled with formula more or less straightaway.
Sterilisation
Microwave and electric sterilising have gained popularity in recent years. However, you may not always have access to electricity or a microwave, so it is worth being familiar with more traditional methods, such as boiling and cold water sterilising too.
Steam sterilising
Electric steam sterilising is based on hospital methods and is quick and efficient, taking eight to twelve minutes, plus cooling time. You must be careful that you only put in equipment that is safe to boil (some parts of may not be boilable, for example). Bottles, teats and so on must be placed upside down to make sure they are fully sterilised.
You can also buy steamers for microwaves but do take care that nothing metal is placed inside them. They take around five to eight minutes to work, plus cooling time. Be careful when removing the lid of steam sterilisers, as the inside can become very hot. Their main advantage is that there is no smell or taste involved and the items remain sterile for three hours if the lid is kept on.
Boiling
Another form of sterilising is boiling. Most bottle-feeding equipment needs to be boiled for at least 10 minutes. The pan you use must be used exclusively for that purpose and be warned that teats get sticky and unusable more quickly than with other methods.
Microwavable bottles
One innovation worth mentioning is bottles which can be sterilised in the microwave on their own. It takes just 90 seconds to sterilise a single bottle. Bottles must not be sealed during microwaving, because pressure could build inside them up during the heating process.
Cold water sterilising
This uses a non-toxic solution, such as Milton, which also comes in handy tablet form. The solution is highly effective against bacteria. It is safe to use and can be applied to the skin or even swallowed with no harmful effects. You can buy special sterilising units for this purpose but you could equally use a clean bucket or plastic container with a lid, provided there is something to keep the bottles submerged under the solution, such as a heavy plate. You need to check that there are no air bubbles left in the bottles to ensure complete sterilisation.
The equipment should be sterile after half an hour and can safely be left in the solution for up to 24 hours. You will need to change the solution daily and remember to wash your hands before removing the sterilised items. You may wish to rinse off the fluid with cool, boiled water, but this is not necessary. Fill the bottle with milk immediately. If you are using formula that has been made up using powdered infant milk, make sure that you discard any formula that is left over after you have finished feeding your baby. There is there is a small chance that micro-organisms could contaminate any formula that is kept, and make your baby ill.
Avoid leaving sterilised empty bottles out on work surfaces for long, as they will quickly lose their sterility. This is not usually a problem when sterilisers have built-in storage facilities and bottles can be removed when required.
How long should you continue sterilising
It is certainly necessary to sterilise bottle-feeding equipment for at least the child's first year. Although you may think sterilising is rather pointless when the baby is putting all sorts in his mouth, an infant's immune system is still immature and susceptible to infection between the ages of six and twelve months and the bugs that stick to milk curds in partially-cleansed bottles can be particularly nasty. By the time the baby is one year old she has started to produce her own antibodies and is more resistant to harmful germs. However, it's a good idea to carry on sterilising bottles, dummies and teats until the child stops using them.
(d) amount of milk to be given :
One of the most confusing things about feeding the baby formula milk is trying to work out how much to feed him. There is no single answer. It depends on the baby's age, weight, and whether you're feeding him only formula, or using it in combination with breastmilk or . A few pointers to help you decide how much the baby needs:
Multiply the baby's weight by 2.5 - 2.7 ounces of formula
If the baby isn't eating any solids (the recommended age for is six months), the general rule of thumb for formula amounts is 2.5 - 2.7 ounces (oz) per pound (lb) of body weight. So if your baby weighs 6lb, he should consume about 15 or 16oz of formula in a 24-hour period. If he weighs 10lb, he should have roughly 25 - 27oz in a 24-hour period.
Consider the baby's age
How much formula the baby needs depends not only on weight, but also on his age. You do not have to expect a newborn or any baby to follow a schedule or mathematical formula. If mothers are starting a newborn on formula, they should try to give him only 30-60ml (a couple of ounces) at each feed for the first week. By the time the baby is one month old, he will probably take 90-120ml / 3 or 4oz at each feed, and will consume anywhere from 400-800ml / 14 to 28oz in one day. Mothers will soon sense if their baby needs more. He will finish the feed quickly.
From the age of two months up to six months, mothers should be feeding their baby 120-180ml / 4-6oz at a feeding, and he will have anything from 700ml to over a litre / 23 to 35oz a day.
Once the baby reaches six months, the mother can feed him anywhere from 180-220 ml / 6-8oz at a feeding, and his total formula intake should be roughly 900ml / 32oz per day.
Once the mother starts to his diet, his daily intake of formula milk should gradually decrease to about 720ml / 24oz. The Food Standards Agency recommends that once your baby is established on solids, he should be having approximately 600ml / 20oz or one pint of formula milk per day alongside a varied diet until he is a year old. After the age of one, he can move from drinking formula milk to .
Don't let solids replace formula too soon
When you at around six months, breast milk or formula should still constitute most of his nutrition until he is a year old. Most babies, when they're getting used to solids, do not eat a wide enough variety of foods to satisfy their growing bodies' nutritional needs. At this stage, the baby’s daily intake of formula should still be about 720ml / 24oz. Avoid , which doesn't offer nearly the same nutritional value as formula.
Let the baby be the guide
Appetites vary from baby to baby, and most babies change from day to day and month to month. The baby will feed as often as he needs to, as long as you learn to detect his cues and respond to them appropriately. Mothers have to make sure they do not automatically give a bottle every time . In time mothers will learn to read the baby’s actions and work out whether he is hungry or just needs attention.
(e) the consistency of the milk :
Formula is creamier and looks richer than breast milk. This may lead mothers to believe that formula is more nutritious for your baby, but that is not the case.
(f) the temperature :
No warming is necessary. Babies can take cold formula, although they may prefer it warm when they are very young. Always test the temperature of the formula before feeding to make sure it is not too hot. Shake the bottle well before testing temperature. Microwave ovens are not recommended for heating infant formulas since there is a danger in overheating the liquid. During the microwaving process, the bottle may remain cool while hot spots develop in the formula. Overheated formula can cause serious burns to the baby.
(g) the timing :
During the first month, a baby will eat about 2 to 3 ounces of formula at each feeding, and will eat every 2 to 3 hours. After the first month, the baby will eat about 4 ounces of formula every 3 hours. The amount of formula will gradually increase as the baby gets older.
The flow rate of formula coming out of the nipple will also change as your baby gets bigger. For the first few months, the flow rate should be one drop per second. You can test this by holding the bottle upside down. Most packages will label the flow rate according to your baby’s age.
(h) the constituents of formula feed :
Besides breast milk, infant formula is the only other infant milk which the community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under the age of one year. Cow's milk is not recommended because of its high and (salt) content which may put a strain on an infant's immature . Evaporated milk, although perhaps easier to digest due to the processing of the protein, is still nutritionally inadequate.
Most of the world's supply of infant formula is produced in the . The nutrient content is regulated by the American (FDA) based on recommendations by the Committee on Nutrition. The following must be included in all formulas :
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: , , , , , (B1), (B2), ,
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Metals: , , , ,
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In addition, formulas not made with cow's milk must include:
(i) the advantages of bottle feeding :
Commercially prepared infant formula is a nutritious alternative to breast milk. Bottle-feeding can offer more freedom and flexibility for the mother, and it makes it easier to know how much the baby is getting. Because babies digest formula more slowly than breast milk, a baby who is getting formula may need fewer feedings than one who breastfeeds. Formula-feeding also can make it easier to feed the baby in public, and allows the father and other family members to help feed the baby, which can enhance bonding.
(j) the disadvantages of bottle feeding :
- The formula available in the market needs to be mixed with the proper quantity of water each time and bottles and nipples need to be sterilised. There are ready-to-feed formulas available, but they tend to be expensive.
- If the bottles or nipples are not properly cleaned there is a risk of transmitting bacterial infections. Formula left in the bottle for more than one hour must be thrown out.
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Breast milk contains antibodies, which protect the baby from viral and bacterial infections such as , respiratory problems and meningitis. Antibodies are not found in formula making the baby more susceptible to illness.
- Formula is a constant expense while mother’s milk is free.
- Babies taking formula have more problems with gas and constipation and have firmer bowel movements
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Breast milk changes its properties with the baby’s needs. During the first few days the milk is thicker and yellowish and contains compounds that are essential for the health of the baby. Formula cannot match the complex nature of breast milk, though it has all the required nutrients.
P2
2 (i) Describe the process of weaning including the age when to start, the rate of introducing food, the type of food to introduce and nutritional need of the baby.
Weaning is the stage in a baby's life when he transitions from breast milk to other sources of nourishment. When to wean is a personal decision. For the mother, it may be influenced by when she decides to return to work, the health of the mother or her baby, or simply a feeling that it's the right time. Whenever the mother decides to wean her baby, it's important to understand that weaning is a gradual process that calls for patience and understanding from both her and her child. Weaning starts between 7.0 to 10.0 months of age, average 8.6 months. The process of weaning lasts between 3.2 to 5.6 months, average 4.2 months.
There is no right way to introduce the baby to solid foods. When the mother sees the signs that her baby is ready, she can begin giving her baby his or her first tastes of food. These tastes are more a learning experience and shouldn't replace any milk feeds. The mother has to choose a time that is convenient for her and when she and her baby are both relaxed. The mother has to try giving her baby three or four small teaspoonfuls of food only part way through or after their bottle feed. Mothers should not be surprised if the baby does not seem to know what to do with the food and it comes back out of their mouth. The baby won't know how to swallow food at this stage, but with luck some of the food will slide down the baby's throat.
As the baby is used to the bland taste of milk, it is often advisable to start weaning the baby with a bland texture and similar taste. A favourite is baby rice, which is ground rice with added vitamins and minerals that should be mixed with breast or formula milk or boiled then cooled water. The mother can also give her baby small amounts of pureed fruit and vegetables, such as cooked apple or pear, carrot or potato.
The mother should always check that warm foods are not too hot before giving them to the baby. She does not have to force the food on the baby but she should let her baby tell her how much he wants. It is quite normal for him or her to consume four or five teaspoonfuls on one occasion and very little the next.
Mothers should not be tempted to add solid foods to their baby's bottle feed in an attempt to help them sleep at night, as this can cause wind and colic.
If the baby is reluctant to start with spoon-feeding, mothers might try gently rubbing a clean finger with a small amount of food on it over baby's lips instead. Otherwise mothers may need to try again another day or wait until he or she can hold a spoon themselves.
Once the baby has become used to the tastes of different foods, mothers can gradually increase the amount they give to their baby and introduce the food more often and earlier in a feed. The baby will also need a drink during and after their food. This can be milk (breast or formula), boiled and cooled water or possibly diluted fruit juice and can be given from a bottle or a baby cup with a spout and two handles.
Over time, the baby's demand for milk will probably reduce and mothers can breast or bottle feed their baby less frequently. This may mean that mothers need to express some breast milk for their own comfort.
From six to nine months the baby will probably want to feed him or herself. Whilst the baby will need to eat more often than mothers do, he or she will gradually come to eat the same variety and textures of foods that mothers eat. Their diet should consist of foods from all four main food groups, carbohydrates, proteins, fats oils and sugars as well as fruit and vegetables.
The baby's meals might therefore include, mashed potato, pureed meat, white fish, egg products, such as scrambled egg (as long as the infant shows no signs of allergic reaction, asthma) pasta, minced or mashed green vegetables as well as pieces of fruit such as banana and apple.
When preparing foods for the baby mothers should also avoid adding additional flavours such as salt and sugar as babies can't cope with excess salt in food or sugar and do not need it.
All food should be stored, handled and prepared hygienically to prevent germs and infection.
(ii) In the case of older babies and young children (till 3 years):
- describe their energy requirement:
- the nutrients that must make up their diet:
- the constituents of a balanced diet:
- expanding the range of foods that are eaten:
- potential effect of food additives:
Childhood nutrition should be a balance between the high energy and nutrient content required for growth and development and establishing a healthy diet with weight control, in association with regular physical exercise. The balance between these two aspects changes from the very high fat content of infancy to the low fat, high fibre diet of adulthood. The diet for a child should be focused on natural, fresh sources of energy and nutrients. Drastic dieting and fad foods must be avoided. A positive attitude to healthy eating should be encouraged from an early stage.
For Pre-school children :
Children have a high energy requirement because they are growing quickly and becoming more active. They therefore require foods which are high in energy (as well as vitamins and minerals). Young children do not have large enough stomachs to cope with big meals and so should have small and frequent meals.
The pre-school child should progress from the very high energy diet of infancy (with about 50% of total energy coming from fat) to the the diet for a five year old which should have much greater emphasis on a lower fat content (but still about 35% of energy from fat).
A diet which is low in fat and high in fibre will not provide enough energy for a young child but a family approach to a healthy diet is important at this stage because food preferences are often established very early in life.
Ideally, children should restrict the number of times a day that they have foods and drinks containing sugar and then only have them at meal times.
Young children should not be put on weight reduction diets, but a healthy family approach to food and regular physical activity are important in avoiding excessive weight gain and .
The diet must also be high in vitamins and minerals. In particular, a good supply of protein, calcium, iron and vitamins A and D is required.
Whole cows' milk is recommended for children over the age of 12 months as a main drink as it is a rich source of a number of nutrients. Semi-skimmed milk can be introduced after the child is two, as long as the diet provides enough energy. Skimmed milk is not suitable for children under five years of age, as it does not provide enough energy and vitamin A for the growing child.
Supplements of vitamins A, C and D in the form of liquid drops are recommended for children under 5 years of age if they are considered to be at risk of deficiency, e.g. poor eaters or those who do not have much exposure to sunlight.
Iron: may be associated with frequent infections, and delay in development. Red meat is the best source of easily absorbable iron and can be offered to children from 6 months of age. Iron rich foods, such as liver and red meat, are not usually popular with young children. Other good sources of iron include green vegetables, pulses, bread and some breakfast cereals. Iron from plant sources is less well absorbed than iron from animal sources but can be improved by having vitamin C rich foods or drinks with a meal.
Calcium: Young children need plenty of calcium in their diets for healthy bones and teeth. Dairy products have a high calcium content and other good sources include white bread, dark green leafy vegetables, pulses (e.g. baked beans) and fortified cereals.
For School children :
The energy requirements of school children are still high because of growth and activity. Therefore there should be a progression towards an adult style healthy diet but continued emphasis on foods with a high energy and nutrient content. The progression should be gradual with an increase in fibre, reduction in fat and increase in starch content in the diet.
Younger children will still need smaller and more frequent meals as they do not have large enough stomachs to cope with big meals.
An increasing number of children are overweight or obese. These children should not try to lose large amounts of weight but instead be encouraged to remain at a constant weight or increase weight slowly while their height increases. A for the whole family is very important for effective weight control, fitness and health of the child.
Table of the constituents of a balanced diet :
Age (yr) (kcal)Energy (g)Protein Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin K (mg)Vitamin C (mg)Thiamin (mg) Riboflavin (mg NE) Niacin (mg)Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12
Infants
0.0-0.5 650 13 375 3 5 30 0.3 0.4 5 0.3 25 0.3
0.5-1.0 850 14 375 4 10 35 0.4 0.5 6 0.6 35 0.5
(mg)Iron (mg)Zinc Iodine Selenium Vitamin D (mg)Calcium (mg)Phosphorus (mg) Magnesium (mg) Flouride
0.0-0.5 6 5 40 10 5 210 100 30 0.01
0.5-1.0 10 5 50 15 5 270 275 75 0.5
Age (yr) (kcal)Energy (g)Protein Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin K (mg)Vitamin C (mg)Thiamin (mg) Riboflavin (mg NE) Niacin (mg)Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12
Children
1-3 1300 16 400 6 15 40 0.7 0.8 9 1.0 50 0.7
4-6 1800 24 500 7 20 45 0.9 1.1 12 1.1 75 1.0
7-10 2000 28 700 7 30 45 1.0 1.2 13 1.4 100 1.4
(mg)Iron (mg)Zinc Iodine Selenium Age Vitamin D (mg)Calcium (mg)Phosphorus (mg) Magnesium (mg) Flouride
1-3 10 10 70 20 1-3 5 500 460 80 0.7
4-6 10 10 90 20 4-8 5 800 500 130 1.1
7-10 10 10 120 30
As regards food additives, these can be quite harmful to young children. Parents are to be warned of the dangers of giving their young children drinks, sweets and cakes containing specified artificial additives, as a result of new findings being made public for the first time today which confirm their link with hyperactivity and disruptive behaviour.
M1
3. Plan a bottle feeding routine for a baby (less than 4 months) giving explanations for each step. Your plan should include amount of milk in each feed and timing. You should also describe the process of giving the baby his/her bottle.
Bottle feeding chart for a 3 months old baby :
Time Amount of formula
7am 8oz (= 240ml) bottle feeding milk
11am 8oz bottle feeding milk
2pm 8oz bottle feeding milk
6pm 8oz bottle feeding milk
12am 8oz bottle feeding milk
Process of giving the baby his/her bottle:
Gather everything that you need around you. Warm the bottle of milk by standing it in a jug of hot water. Shake it well, then test that it isn’t too hot by pouring a few drops on the back of your wrist. Choose a chair you feel comfortable in and that gives you plenty of back and neck support.
- Hold your baby on your lap, in a semi-upright position. His head should be in the crook of your arm
- Tilt the bottle so that there are no air bubbles in it, and offer it to him. He will open his mouth if you put a few drops on his lips and start to suck
- Make sure the bottle remains tilted so he doesn’t take in any air bubbles
- If he is sucking the teat flat, gently rotate it, or pull it towards you, so that it can refill with milk
- Follow your baby’s pace, and don’t push him to have more than he seems to want in order to finish the bottle
M2
4. Why is the process of weaning important ? Explain your answer.
Weaning is of great importance. From an average weight of 3 kilos at birth, baby's weight increases almost to 5 kilos, at the end of 3 months. In fact, from birth to 1 year is the time of fastest growth for the baby. Milk alone cannot fully meet the baby's needs and sustain this rapid rate of growth.
There is no precise age at which weaning should start but generally it is between 4 and 6 months of age. Solid foods are gradually introduced to replace the milk component of the diet. New tastes and textures encourage the consumption of a wider variety of foods which in turn helps to meet the nutritional and developmental needs of the growing infant.
During weaning infants require a diet with enough energy in the form of carbohydrate and fat, but also protein, and essential vitamins and minerals.
The type of carbohydrate is important as babies need carbohydrates that are easily digestible. For example, too much fibre is undesirable as large quantities fill up small stomachs at the expense of other nutrients making it difficult to meet energy requirements. Too much fibre can also interfere with the absorption of essential minerals.
Fat is another important source of energy and provides essential fatty acids and helps in the absorption of certain vitamins. As weaning progresses, the proportion of energy supplied as fat decreases whilst the proportion supplied as carbohydrate (starch) increases.
Protein is also essential for the development and maintenance of body tissues, but too much should be avoided because babies have immature kidneys that cannot cope with high levels. Some babies, usually those with a family history of allergy, cannot tolerate certain proteins (e.g cows' milk, egg or a specific cereal protein called gluten. In these cases, the introduction of foods containing these proteins should be delayed until 6 months at the earliest.
Adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals are also essential for healthy growth and development. An adequate iron intake is particularly important during weaning as around this age the infant's iron stores are depleted. Sodium is also essential, for proper cell functioning, but too much should be avoided as baby's immature kidneys cannot cope with any excess.
When about 3 months old, it is essential to start your baby on a semi-solid food by mixing a teaspoonful of it, with his regular bottle feed. Since the bottle is familiar to the baby, he will not notice the difference. Gradually, increase the quantity so that, at about the end of the 6th month, your baby is having his solid food thrice daily, in a variety of forms - mixed with honey, juices, soups, mashed fruits and vegetable puree.
Above all, the mother should be patient and give her baby time to like his solid food. With a little understanding, the baby will grow into a healthy, happy child.
Bibliography
http://www.nhs.uk