The Integration of DNA Applications in Forensic Science

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Elizabeth Gibbens

The Integration of DNA Applications in Forensic Science

Abstract

Locard's Principle of Exchange states that when any person comes into contact with an object or another person, a cross-transfer of physical evidence occurs. The identification of that physical evidence has been the pivotal point in forensic work since Francis Galton developed a system of fingerprint classifications in 1892. Forensic science has rapidly evolved from using fingerprint identification to using a person's genetic makeup through a whirlwind of technology that has reshaped the Criminal Justice System.

DNA analysis has become the most important tool for human identification and sorting unidentified remains by cataloging genetic markers. This paper will first examine how analyzing genetic markers first found in blood has evolved to analyzing DNA for direct mutations and how using amplification techniques have allowed the smallest biological samples to be identified. Second, this paper will review how the acceptance of these technological advances throughout many jurisdictions has necessitated the standardization of qualification and validation methods to leave no room for doubt of the reliability of data in a court of law. Third, the movement from retaining samples as evidence into creating a computerized