- The Jalvis hotel might ask for discount and the next time that they will need an order because you did it once you will do it again.
- If the company is going to go ahead with this offer I recommend that the food mixers have a thinner layer than the normal ones and in that way the hotel can not complain because the company can explain that is the quality for how mach they are paying for.
- Another thing that might work is that the company should allow discount to all the customers that are willing to buy 400 food mixers or more.
- If we reduce prices that will only cover the costs of the business to attract new customers it will be difficult to persuade customers to pay more later on.
- People might not want to buy the product at reduced price as they might think that it is something wrong with it e.g. the quality, not long lasting life etc.
- Other companies might take advantages and sell the same product for less when you decide to go back to the original selling price.
- If the company will consider point 3 and 4 of the recommendation I recommend the company to go ahead with this order. If the company does not think that is a good idea then the company should refuse the order as that will put the company in a risk.
2.1. Part two of Marginal costing
Introduction (Part two of Marginal costing)
After seeing advertising on a trade association journal, that an overseas manufacturer can supply similar food mixers for £250 each, the Managing Director of Oakdene Engineering argues that it will be cheaper if the company closed the production department and have the overseas supplier to supply the food mixers. To him it might be a very good idea but he has not looked at the advantages and disadvantages of that serious decision that he wants to make.
Method of investigation (Part two of Marginal costing)
To convince the managing director we need to use:
- Table
- Calculation
Findings (Part two of Marginal costing)
To help and advice the Managing director to make the right decision the table below will show if buying or manufacturing is will be more profitable.
The table above shows that at the end of the month the company will have more net profit if it makes the food mixers itself rather than buying them.
Conclusion (Part two of Marginal costing)
As an accounting assistant I strongly disagree with the decision that the managing director what to make and the reason for this is that he has no in depth information about the manufacturer. If the managing director decides to go ahead with his idea then the company is going to be in a serious trouble.
Recommendation (Part two of Marginal costing)
To make the decision I recommend the managing director to consider the points that will be shown below.
- If the company wants to develop the product then it will not have the choice if the products are bought but it can easily be done if the company is making the product itself.
- The food mixer that the overseas manufacturer manufactures might not be a very good quality.
- The company must make sure that the supplier is reliable and can be trusted because after you get the first order he might say that he can not produce as many food mixers as you want.
- The company director must be aware that it costs a lot of money to import the products and that you have to pay tax so you can import.
- The deliveries might delay when you really need some products to sell, and that can drive your customers away.
- The currency might inflate and the variable costs of the business will go up.
- Customers sometime lose confidence when the products change.
- You have to consider and make sure that no slave and child labour is involved on making the food mixers.
- Once the company is relying at the supplier the prices could go up and that will affect the company profit.
- By closing the production line the company will affect badly the local community.
- Because the employees of the production are going to be redundant the unemployment rate locally will be high.
- Less people working less money will be spend so the company will have a bad affect and to other businesses as well.
- The government help it will be necessary for unemployed people, and they might move away to find jobs.
- The number of crimes in the local area will rise and people will not feel safe.
- Staff moral will change because they will think than when is their turn to be redundant.
- If the company closes the production line and will not be profitable by buying the food mixers will be very difficult to reopen the production line again this is because:
- People will not go to work there again as the company reputation, after making all these people redundant, will be very bad.
- They will not trust the company.
- Other businesses might offer better pay to them.
- If the company still decides to go ahead with their decision I recommend the company to offer voluntary early retirement to employees in different sections of the company.
- Train the remaining staff from the production to work at the other sections that old members of staff accepted early retirement.
3. Investment Appraisal
Introduction (Investment Appraisal)
The Oakdene Engineering has 250 employees. They are having a difficulty and now need to re-develop some of the activities. There are three projects within the company, which they are called Alpha, Beta and Delta.
The company has decided to invest money on only one of the projects. Before investing the money the company wants to know which of the projects is going to be more successful.
The Alpha project has already been examined, now we have to examine both Beta and Delta project and compare the three of them and decide on which project should the money be invested.
Method of investigation (Investment Appraisal)
To do this examination in behalf of the company the following will be used:
Tables
Formulas
Calculation including percentages
Findings (Investment Appraisal)
For this examination to end up successful we will need to use the three ways of investment appraisal that are:
Pay back period
Accounting rate return
Net present value
Pay back period
BETA
The expected life for the Beta project is five years. The cost of Beta project is £700,000, to find out how many years to pay that money back we have to add up the inflow of the project until it adds up to £700,000.
In the first year the Beta project has an inflow of £210,000.
In the second year the inflow for Beta project is £280,000, which adds up to £490,000. This means that we have to have another £210,000 to complete the pay back amount. From the third year which has an inflow of £245,000 we need to take £210,000 to make the total of £700,000.
The calculations below will help to find out exactly how long it takes to pay the money back.
£210,000 (the money taken from year three) / £245 (inflow of year three) * 100 = 86%
86% / 12 months = 10.3 months.
For Beta project to pay the money back it takes two years ten point three months.
DELTA
Delta project is expected to live for at least four years. The initial cost of this project is £630,000. The same process as above has to be carried out to find the pay back period for the Delta project.
On the first years the Delta project has an inflow of £210,000, to make the to £630,000 we will need another £420,000. On the second year the project has an inflow of £230,000, which adds up to £440,000 so, we need to take some more money from the third year of the project. We have taken £190,000 from the third year to make the total of £630,000.
The calculation below will show how long it takes Delta project to pay the money back.
We know that it took a full two years and some months of the third year.
£190,000 (money taken from the third year) / £330,000 (the total inflow of the third year) * 100 = 57.5%
57.5% / 12 months = 6.9
The pay back period for the Delta project is two years and six point nine months.
Accounting rate return
To find out the accounting rate return we will add up the inflow for the both beta and Delta project and we will divide it by the number of the years that they are expected to live and then we will divide the total by the initial cost which then we will multiply by one hundred divided by one.
Beta
The calculation below will help to find the account rate return.
£1155, 000 (total inflow of Beta) / 5 (the time of how long it took for the inflow) = £ 231,000 / £ 700,000 (the initial cost)
= 0.33 * 100 = 33 / 1 = 33%
Delta
The calculation below will prove the account rate return for the Delta project.
£1100, 000 (the total inflow) / 4 (time of how long it took for the total inflow) = £275, 000 / £630, 000 (the initial cost) = 0.43 * 100 / 1 = 43.6%.
Net present value
Beta
The net present value for the Beta project is going to be £99,489
Delta
The net present value for the Delta project is going to be £149,150
Conclusion (Investment Appraisal)
By using three calculating methods for the two projects Beta and Delta, and by using the results of the Alpha project I have come to the conclusion where I can sow the best results.
The results for the three projects are:
As shown on the table above the best results are coming from the Delta project. The Delta project is expected to live for only four years, it has the lowest initial cost and is going to bring to the company more profit than Alpha or Beta is going to bring for five or six years.
Recommendation (Investment Appraisal)
Bering in mind the results from the conclusion we will expect that the Delta project will have more advantages that the two other projects.
The advantage of the Alpha project is:
- It is expected to live longer that the other two projects.
The disadvantages of the Alpha project are:
- It has the lowest amount for the net present value.
- It takes longer to pay the money back.
- It has the lowest percentage on the accounting rate return.
The advantage of the Beta project is:
- If you keep the project going, not a lot of the employees will be made redundant
The disadvantages of the Beta project are about the same as the Alpha project.
The advantages of the Delta project are:
- It has the quickest payback time
- It has the highest percentage on the account rate return
- It has the highest net present value
The disadvantage of the delta project is:
By comparing the figures and calculations I recommend the company to go ahead with the Delta project.
The reasons for that are:
- It has the lowest initial cost
- It will bring more money to the company than the two others
- It will pay quickly than others
- It will last one to two years than the other two projects, which means that the company will not need to employee a lot of people.
4. Budgetary control
Introduction (Budgetary control)
Oakdene Engineering produces testing units for measuring the output of X-ray machines and lasers.
Each year all the departments within the company produce budgets for their departments to help the financial director to produce the master budget.
After producing the budgets we have to advice Oakdene Engineering of what action should they take over the proposed increased in selling price.
Method (Budgetary control)
The methods used are:
- Calculations
- Reports
- Formulae
Finding (Budgetary control)
The sales budget below will show the total sales at the current price and the total sales at the increased price.
As shown on the sales budget, the difference of total sales between increased and the current price is £10,800.
On the production cost budget will be shown the calculations on calculating the total amount of money needed for labour, raw materials, subcontract cost and the variable overheads.
Based on the units given above we found out the sales volume at the current and higher price. The production budget shows that that the cost to make the units is higher for the units at the current price than the increased price.
Below I am going to show the Cash Flow Forecast at the current price, which will be followed by the Cash Flow Forecast at the increased price.
The Cash Flow Forecast shows at the current price shows that the closing balance at the end of the year is £50,000 but the Cash Flow Forecast at the higher price shows a closing balance of £75,800
The table above shows the monthly sales budgets at the current and higher price. It also shows the cumulative sales at current and higher price on which the graph below is based.
The graph shows that until November sales were better at the current price and on December the sales were better at the increased price.
The Master budget that will be on the following page will the net profit for both increased and current price.
The Master budget shows the net profit for the year 2003 at current, higher and actual price.
Conclusion (Budgetary control)
After working out the budgets above we have come to the following conclusion:
- The monthly sales budget on the page twelve shows that at the first six months sales at the current price were bringing more money to the company than sales at the higher price.
- The second six-month of the year the sales at the current price were making more money for the company. At the end of the trading year the sales at the higher price managed to make £10,800 more than the sales at the current price.
- The production cost budget the total number of items produced within the year at current and higher price and the costs to make them
- For the current price the company had to produce 1,300 units in a year and for the sales at the higher price the company had to produce 1,190 units in a year which means that more money were spend to produce the products for sale at the current price.
- The Cash Flow forecast at the current price shows that the total amount of money flowing in to the account is £1560000. The total inflow for the Cash Flow forecast at the higher price is £1570800. This means that there is more money coming from the sales at the higher price.
- The total payment for the cash flow forecast at the current is £1530000, but at the higher price the total payment is £1515000. Which still means that there that the cash flow at the current price has more money flowing out of the account than the cash flow at the higher price.
- The cash flow forecast shows the net cash flow at the higher price to be £25800 higher than the cash flow at the current price.
- The closing balance at the end of the year at the current price is £50000, but the closing balance at the higher price is £75800. This shows that at the end of the year the closing balance is higher at the higher price than at the current price.
- The master budget shows that the gross profit at the current price is £910000, at the higher price is £975800 and at the actual price is £97500. This shows that at the higher price the gross profit is higher than the other too prices.
- The net profit show that the actual price is going to bring more profit to the company, the current price is going to give less profit to the company than the higher price.
Recommendation (Budgetary control)
According to the above conclusions the best thing Oakdene Engineering can do is go ahead with the higher price as that is going to bring to the company more money than the current price.
Some of the things that prove it are:
- The first six months are not going to have more sales as would be with the current price.
- The last six months of the year, sales at the higher price are going to bring more money to the company than the sales at current price.
- The cost to produce units at the higher price is lower than the cost of the current price.
But the problem is would people want to buy the products of the same quality as before for more money?
The company has to set out questionnaires to find it out.
4.1 Budgetary control part B
Introduction (Budgetary control part B)
On the second part of the budgetary control I am going to compare and discuss the differences of the master budget shown on the first part of the budgetary control with the actual information of the cash flow forecast at the actual price.
Method (Budgetary control part B)
To make this task easer to understand I am going to use:
- Master budget at actual price
- Cash flow forecast at actual price
- Sales budget at actual price
Findings (Budgetary control part B)
Master budget
Conclusion (Budgetary control part B)
Now I conclude that more products are sold at the higher price than at the current price.
Based on the conclusion given on the first part and after comparing the figures on the master budget, which includes the data at the current price, higher, and actual price, I can tell that the increased higher price will give the company more profit than the current price.
The actual price on the master budget shows the higher net profit coming in to the company, which might give the company more ideas and choices to make the decision.
Recommendation (Budgetary control part B)
Before making the decision the company has to find out the following things:
Has the business any competitors? If yes how many?
Will the product be needed at that time of the year?
When increasing the selling price will it have any bad affect on your organisation, if yes what?
If the company has more than three competitors in the UK then they have to be careful as its competitors can pot the business down as once you put the prices up they put their prices down which will affect you sales.
If the above questions are positive for the company I finally can recommend Oakdene Engineering to go with the actual price, which means they can keep their products at the current price for the first six months of the year and for the rest of the year to use the increased price.
5. Standard costing and variance analysis
Introduction (Standard costing and variance analysis)
At Oakdene engineering is produced a house hold product with the following standard costs for one product:
Direct materials – three kilos at £1.25 per kilo
Direct labour - three hours at £5.10 per hour
The company produces 50,000 units a month.
As an accounting assistant I was asked to compare the actual with the standard cost. There are three managers, the purchasing, personnel and the production managers have different ideas and all of them think that they are going to be successful.
Method (Standard costing and variance analysis)
To sort this problem the following accounting techniques will be used:
- The report technique
- Tables
- Calculations
- Formulae’s
Findings (Standard costing and variance analysis)
As shown at the introduction the standard costs for one unit are:
Direct materials – three kilos at £1.25 per kilo
Direct labour - three hours at £5.10 per hour
The standard budget for the company is to produce 50,000 units in one month.
Materials
The cost of the materials needed for 50,000 units is:
Three kilos x 50,000 units = 150,000 kilos x £1.25 = £187,500 per 50,000 units
Labour
The cost of labour for the 50,000 units is going to be:
Three hours x 50,000 units = 150,000 hours x £5.10 = £765,000 per 50,000 units
The total standard budget is £187,500 + £765,000 = £952,500 per 50,000 units
In June 2000 the actual results were:
Direct materials - 158,000 kilos costing £189,600
Direct labour - 156,000 hours costing £819,000
Which is a total of the actual budget of £1008,600
£189,600 / 158,000 kilos = £1.20 per unit = to 0.05p favourable
£819,000 / 156,000 hours = £5.25 per hour = to 0.15p adverse
When taking away the actual total of June £1008,600 from the standard budget that is £952,500 will give us a variance adverse of £56,100
From the table above the adverse amount will be added together and will be taken away from the favourable amount.
7,900 – 10,000 –23,400 – 30,600 = £56,100 adverse variances.
Critical evaluation
It is very difficult to find out why Oakdene engineering ltd is come down to £56,100 adverse in the variances.
Some of the reasons that might have caused the adverse are:
- Supervision of staff – staff might not have been supervised and they have wasted time by taking longer breaks or arriving late or living early.
- Machine breakdown – there might be machines that do not work and that will need time to repair which will waste time and money.
There are a lot of ways to find out why this happened but we have to take in to consideration that it will take time to find out the information we need.
It might help if we interview all the managers so we will be able to carry out an investigation.
The data and information we find out from the investigation has to be gathered together which it will take time.
We have to measure of how long it takes to produce one unit.
Conclusion (Standard costing and variance analysis)
To conclude, I am going to state what we found out from the information given to as.
We found out that in June 2000 the prices changed, the things that changed are:
- The price for the materials was 0.05p favourable
- The pay for hour to make the product was 0.15p adverse.
By using a table we calculated and showed the figures of Price 7900 favourable, Usage 10000 adverse, Rate 23400 adverse and Efficiency 30600 adverse.
After adding the figures together we found out that Oakdene Engineering has to improve or change the ways of doing thing as they ended up on have £56100 adverse variances.
Recommendation (Standard costing and variance analysis)
I recommend Oakdene Engineering to look through the reasons that have caused the adverse variances. Separate them into two groups, which are:
If the cause of the adverse is anything under within the management control column then they should take it under consideration and improve things.
The things that they might improve are:
- Make sure that the staff absences are for a good reason.
- Staff must be supervised at all the times.
- The machines should be used correctly and staff must take good care of them such as clean them every tine they finish work.
- The management must make more afford to find cheaper prices.
- The staff must be motivated to make them enjoy work by giving them benefits or pay rise.
- Before buying the materials a specialist must test them to make sure that the material is worth the money.
- When ordering materials Oakdene must make sure that they order only enough material needed for the work and they should take care of it and not waste material.
Overhead Absorption & Job Costing
Introduction (Overhead Absorption & Job Costing)
On this part of my investigation I am going to show how to put different overheads on to the different job centres with the Oakdene Engineering and I am going to produce a job costing shit.
Method of investigation (Overhead Absorption & Job Costing)
The methods that will be used on this task are:
- Table
- Calculation
- Cost sheet
Findings (Overhead Absorption & Job Costing)
The way to get the overhead into cost unit is:
Direct variable cost add overhead portion and add the profit.
Apportionment and expenses to cost centres
Thinking that it is not fare to separate the overhead e.g. foreman salaries based on the number of the employees as the department with more employees does not need to spend a lot of time to do the work because there are to many people working.
The overhead absorption rate of each department based on the direct labour hours are:
Painting
37 hours x 48 Weeks x 8 members of staff = 14208 £57028 / 14208 = £ 4.01
Packing
37 hours x 48 weeks x 6 members of staff = 10656 £54025 / 10656 = £ 5.07
Assembly
37 hours x 48 weeks x 18 members of staff = 31968 £104097 / 31968 = £ 3.25
The problem that might come from this calculation is that not all the hours might be used from staff the reasons are:
Staff might be ill
Maternity leave
Paternity leave
Staff not supervised (waste of time)
Staff might sign in on behalf of each other etc.
Activity C
On the activity C, I am going to show the job-costing sheet.
Conclusion (Overhead Absorption & Job Costing)
After doing all the calculations and other requirements, I have reached the following conclusion:
The total overheads for assembly are £ 104,097, for the painting department are £57,028 and for the packing department the total overheads are £54,025.
The overhead absorption based on labour hours for each department is:
On the job costing the overall price is £28744.22
APPENDIX 1
Break-even
What is break-even analysis?
Break-even is a management accounting technique, which depend on the nature and the behaviour of the costs.
The break-even point is the point at which the business makes neither profit nor loss (the point at which all the costs are covered).
The break-even can be worked out by using:
The break-even can help a business to make a decision on whether to make a move and expand the business or not. The breakeven calculations help the business to find out approximately how much profit or loss is going to make.
What is behaviour of the costs?
Costs can be classified into:
- Fixed costs (indirect costs) e.g. rent, rates, heating, advertising, salaries, telephone.
- Variable costs (direct costs) e.g. materials of the product and the labour.
What are the fixed costs?
The fixed costs are the costs that the business has to pay even if it doesn’t sell any products. The example is shown above. Fixed cost do not remain fixed at all levels of the production e.g. if decided to increase the number of the production then the fixed cost has to go up as well.
What are the variable costs?
The variable costs are the costs that you pay depending on the number of the products the business makes. If the number of the products increases then the variable costs increase.
What are advantages of the breakeven?
The advantage of breakeven is:
- It will give you a rough idea of how much money you need and how much you are going to make.
What are the disadvantages of the breakeven?
The disadvantages of breakeven is:
- Breakeven calculations are not accurate. You might not sell everything that you are aiming for.
Breakeven is used to give businesses an idea if they are going to be on loss or profit.
Appendix 2
Marginal Costing
What is marginal costing?
Marginal costing is the cost of the extra units produced with in the production line.
The technique of marginal costing recognises that fixed cost do vary with time rather than activity e.g. even if the number of units produced will increase or decrease the amount of money paid for the rent will remain the same.
Management accounting technique help in decision making on:
- Contribution to sales ration, rather than profit margin.
- Use of spare capacity for special orders.
- Make or buy decision
- Allocation of scarce resources.
The disadvantages of using the marginal costing is:
If we reduce prices that will only cover the costs of the business to attract new customers it will be difficult to persuade customers to pay more later on.
People might not want to buy the product at reduced price as they might think that it is something wrong with it e.g. the quality, not long lasting life etc.
Other companies might take advantages and sell the same product for less when you decide to go back to the original selling price.
What is a make or buy decision?
The make or buy decision is a management decision on whether they should manufacture a particular product or buy it from another supplier. The reasons that managers want to buy a product instead of making it might be because:
- It might be cheaper to buy
- Other suppliers might supply better products than the company can make
Make or buy decision can affect the structure of the business and the fixed and variable costs.
When making the products the fixed cost is high and when buying it makes a very little difference to them.
Before making the decision the company has to compare the marginal cost of producing the product with the price quoted by the supplier.
Opportunity cost is a benefit used when a particular course of action is taken.
The things that the accountant has to keep in mind while using the marginal costing technique are:
- Fixed costs must be covered
- Effect on customers
- Special edition products
- Problems of product launched on marginal cost basis
Appendix 3
Investment Appraisal
What is the payback?
The pay back is an accounting technique, which is used to see how long it takes to pay back it original value. The faster the pay back more profit for the company. This does help manager to make decision on whether or not to go ahead with the project.
What are the advantages of the payback?
The advantages of the payback technique are:
- It is easy to calculate and understand
- It has an affect on the early cash flows, which are more accurate than the later ones.
- It will help managers to find out how much capital they need to invest
What are the disadvantages of the payback?
The disadvantages of payback technique are:
- The cash flows are ignored after the payback period
What is the accounting rate return?
This method is an accounting technique used to calculate a percentage accounting rate of return on the initial cost of the project.
The formulae for this method is:
(Total estimated cash flow divided by estimated life of the project) over the initial cost times 100 over 1.
What are the advantages of the accounting rate return?
The advantages of the accounting rate return are:
- It is easy to calculate
- All cash flows are used
- It is easy to understand the results
What are the disadvantages of using accounting rate return?
The disadvantage of using the accounting rate return is:
- The timing of the cash flow is ignored.
What is the net present value?
The net present value is an accounting technique used to show that money has time value. This means that money does lose value if it is not invested. The longer you live your money sitting in the bank with out putting it on a saving account more its value is going to fall.
Appendix 4
Budgetary Control
What does the term budget mean?
Budgets are plans prepared in advance for an operating time of a business. This will give the business an idea of how much profit they are going to make but we must understand that these plans are made before the beginning of the trading year which mean that plans might not go as they are planed.
The advantages of using the budgets are:
Motivation e.g. the head of financial departments knows what is expected of them so they work towards that objective.
Responsibility e.g. managers are given more responsibilities as they work through budgets themselves.
Control e.g. if the budgets show that plans are not going to end successfully then managers can take action before the trading year begins.
Decision making e.g. it will be easer for the business to make decisions as they have forecasts of what they are going to achieve from the business.
Planning e.g. by using budgets managers will be able to plan easily forward and they can find out if sales will cover their overheads.
How to prepare a budget
Budgets are prepared before the trading period starts.
The budgets must have the following criteria:
- The budgets must conform company policies and objectives
- The individual budgets must be responsible and achievable
- All budgets that will make the master budget must be similar
- When setting a budget, things that are expected during the trading year must be taken in to consideration.
The final master budget is taken to the chief executive.
There are different cash flows that might be used for a business, they are the sales budget, the production budget etc.
The problems of using the budgets are:
- Budgetary slack
- Incremental budgeting
- Lack of involvement and motivation
- Spending the total allowance budget
- Assigning variances to managers
- Fixed budget
Appendix 5
Standard Costing
What is a standard cost?
A standard cost is a pre- determined cost based ob the future, materials, labour and overhead costs and working condition.
What are the standard costs set for?
Standard costs are set for: materials, labour and overheads.
- The standard material cost is the expected quality multiplied by the material price.
- The standard labour cost is the expected labour hours multiplied by the wage rate.
- The standard overhead costs is the expected quality of goods produced divided by the overheads.
People within a business that can give information to set the standards are:
- Buyer
- Personnel
- Management service
- Production
Standard costs enable budgets to be produced for costing individual costs or production runs.
After the production has been completed, then the actual figures are produced to compared with budgets.
Differences are identified and if things are going wrong the managers will take action.
Reports are issued only if there are problems.
Adverse variances can be caused by a number of issues. These issues are divided in to different categories. The categories are:
Appendix 6
Overhead Absorption And Job Costing
Fixed costs need to be spread in to the cost centres.
Allocation is when it is possible to say how much has been used by each department. The way to do that is by using meters or swipe cards.
Apportionment is when a method is used and agreed by all managers.
Overhead absorption – after the overheads are in to the cost centres, they must be absorbed into the cost unit price. There are three possible methods that can be used:
- Labour hours
- Units of production
- Machine hours
Once the a price has been set to cover variable costs, fixed costs and profit, then estimates can easily be prepared for jobs.
Job costing is used where:
- Each job can be identifies separately from other jobs
- Costs are charged separately for each job
The main steps involved on the job costing are:
- A separate job cost has to be issued for all jobs within an organisation.
- If things are not looking to well for a particular job the managers then will take it on consideration.
Cost units are the units of production to which costs can be charged.
Cost centres are sections of a business which costs can be charged.
The problems that might come from overhead apportionment and absorption costing are:
- Managers might not agree with the decision taken
- The way that they decide to separate the overheads it might not be fare on all departments within the company.
- It might bring conflicts between managers and then it will be a communication break down within the business, which will affect the success of the company.