- to sell and obtain goods and services,
- to liaise with other organizations and
- to create goodwill.
It is obvious that conveying all the information to everybody would be a meaningless exercise. For proper functioning of a communication system the following questions should be asked and the answers constantly reviewed on the basis of reliable feedback:
- What information is to be conveyed?
- Who requires it?
- What should be its form?
- What techniques of dissemination should be used?
- What technological aids should be used?
There is a network of communication within every organization. Such a network indicates clearly the lines of communication. Generally there is no direct communication between the top management and the employee at the lowest rung of hierarchy and vice versa. The longer the distance , the greater are the chances of communication distortion or failure. Therefore an efficient organization often provides for an informal contact outside the usual channels of communication.
GRAPRVINE OR INFORMAL COMMUNICATION :
Every organization has an informal communication channel : ‘ a Grapevine’ , this supplements the official channel. The grapevine, often called the rumor mill, is perhaps the best-known informal communication system. It is actually an inherent component of the internal, formal communication system. When people talk casually during coffee breaks and lunch hours, the focus usually shifts from topic to topic. As people go out of their work, they have casual conversation with their friends in office.
Those friends can be from any department or may be occupying any hierarchical level in the organization. Although some of the conversations relate to personal matters, business is also discussed. In fact 80% of the information that is discussed in the grapevine related to business. Also employees rely on the grapevine as their main source of information.
In recent years the importance of communication has greatly increased as a result of the growing complexity in organisational and individual behaviour under the impact of rapid industrialization and modern technology. In rapid changing world of today it is clear that today’s communication systems will not meet the demands of tomorrow. So there is a need for constant review and modification.
MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION IN AN ORGANISATION:
One of the greatest concerns of an organization is how to deal with the accumulation of information and at the same time keep its communication pattern strong and healthy enough to bear the burden of handling enormous data. The emphasis is on speed, efficiency and facility to recall the required information at a short notice. Here the technology comes in a big way to help organizations keep their communication pattern vibrant and meaningful to meet the increasing demands.
A well equipped office will have a number of technological aids
buzzing with activity. Until recently the emphasis was on using electronic equipment for recording and preserving oral communication. Now there is an equal stress on using technology for what traditionally used to be recorded and transmitted on paper.
4.Management of Written & Oral Communication
The dissemination of the message can be done in various ways. The method chosen depends on a variety of factors whether it is in personal level or at an organization level. They are
- The urgency of the message
- The time available to reach the message
- The skill of the communicator
- The intellectual level of the receiver and the sender
- The expenditure involved
- The media available
- The emotional level ;of the receivers
- The geographical distance between the sender and the receiver
Methods of Communication
Broadly the Process of Communication can be classified into two methods:
- Verbal Communication : We use the words, Speech , writing , reading etc to communicate is called Verbal Communication. This included both Oral and Written communication.
Oral Communication
Conversations, telephone talk, interviews, presentations, meetings, conferences, group discussions and speeches etc. are the forms of Oral Communication. Oral communication involves use of the words and sound.
Advantages:
Oral Commnication is speedy and offers interchange at the personal level. It is also a powerful means of communication. The feed back is possible immediately as the sender and the receiver will be in direct contact whether it is meeting, telephone talk etc and it is easier to give any clarification immediately. At the times oral communication carried on at informal levels. It can encourage the frankness and the friendship. Oral communication does not require much money .
Disadvantages:
Oral communication is not appropriate for lengthy messages. Long and detailed formal messages are better communicated in a written manner for fear of missing out relevant points in cases of chemical formulas or computer programs. Oral communication does not have long life as we cannot store the words and can not be referred later. There is no legal validity .Any one can deny what he or she has said before. And also there are greater chances of misunderstandings.
Types of Oral Communication:
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Face-to- face Communication: is the best mode of Oral communication. The communication is effective when sender has an eye contact with the receiver. This is possible between two individuals in a meeting or an interview. Communication flows both sides and the feedback is possible immediately. If the other person is not interested or not liking the message the sender can change immediately and make the conversation fruitful. Face-to-face communication is not possible in large gatherings.
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Telephone : Communication over the telephone depends entirely on the voice and the words used. As the physical presence is not present the clarity of the speech has big role to play.
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Public Speech : A lecture or a public speech can be conducted with or without microphones. It has face-to-face setting but the distance between sender and the receiver is large. The success of a public meeting depends on the speakers ability to use the microphone, voice modulation and gestures. His silence can also convey many meetings.
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Interview : This will happen between an interviewee and an interviewer. There will be many interviewers. The meeting is for a specific purpose for a job or selection for a study program or for entering into a business relationship. When interviewer asks the questions to the candidate , both the sides will get a chance to assess the other party.
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Meeting : Usually a meeting involves a number of persons. The chairman guides the proceedings and maintains order during the meeting. Depending on he type of meeting, there may or many not be a fixed agenda. If it is a formal meeting , notes are taken during the meeting, which are called the ‘minutes’. All the people involved in a meeting are constantly communicating. They may be speaking or listening.
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Presentation : This is a formal well-prepared talk given by an individual to a group. The audience is mostly knowledgeable and interested. There can be different purposes to giving a presentation. It can be a sales talk to introduce a new product and advertise it or it can be a presentation made to the finance department on the budget and saving techniques. Visual aids and humor can enhance a presentation and make it more attractive. The responsibility of the presenter is to make sure that all the listeners understand the matter. The presentation is usually followed by question hour when the listeners get clarifications.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION:
Every thing that is put down on paper by writing comes under the purview of Written communication . This includes letters, circulars, notices, memos, reports, forms, manuals, journal, etc.
Advantages:
Written communication is precise and accurate as it is usually formulated with great care since it can be checked and verified anytime. Once written cannot be refuted. Written documents have permanent shelf life and can be used for future reference. In some cases law requires retention of documents. For example under the companies Act, records are required to be retained for 8 years, for customs purposes for 12 years, for Income Tax purposes for 16 years, for Sales tax purposes 8 years and so on. The records can be referred repeatedly. Any written communiqué can be sent to many people in many places. As the visibility rate of the mistakes is more the errors can occur to others.
Disadvantages:
Written Communication consumes time for the preparation. It takes time to prepare letters, notes, circulars etc unlike the oral communication which is much faster. Infact the feedback also takes time. The receiver would send the feedback only after receiving the document which consumes time.
Written Communication is expensive as we need writing materials. As the visibility rate of the mistakes is high, the errors can occur to others which cannot be rectified instantly by the sender which may cause misunderstanding or damage to the organization if the error is big.
TYPES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICAITON:
1.Letter :
This is the most commonly used form of written communication. They are mostly used for external communication. Letters have fixed and formal layout, which must be adhered to. There can be sales letters, complaint letters, bank correspondence and many others.
2.Memo:
This is an informal communication between members of the same organization and usually relates to day-to-day work. It is used to convey information and instructions. Memos contain brief messages and are normally pre- printed formatted papers on which memos are written. A memo may or may not be signed. It can be personalized for senior managers.
3. Notice:
This is used when many people in the same organization have to be given the same information. A notice should be short and to the point. It should be clear and well spaced for easy reading.
4.Circular:
This is a written document giving instructions or orders on a specific matter. For example , circulars issued by the government departments, universities etc. Circulars have a date for reference and signed by the person who has taken out the circular.
5.Report:
This is a written document prepared by an individual or a committee. It is prepared after research. After the data collection and analysis , the results have to be presented. This is done in a report. It can be detailed or brief.
5.BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Successful performance of an organization depends on effective communication. But an activity as complex as communication is bound to suffer from setbacks if conditions contrary to the smooth functioning of the process emerge. They are referred as ‘barriers’ because they are they create impediments in the progress of the interaction. Identification of these barriers is extremely important. Usually these communication barriers is also referred as ‘noise’. According to the role observed by the two participants, can categorise the barriers ;
*Sender –Oriented Barriers
* Receiver-Oriented Barriers
SENDER-ORIENTED BARRIERS:
Sender-oriented barriers could be voluntary or involuntary. At any cost, sender should be able to identify the remedies and also remove them. Basically as the sender is originator he/she should be extremely careful not to erect barriers. Below are the some sender oriented barriers.
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Badly expressed message:
The sender should be well prepared .If he is not well versed in the topic under the discussion, he can not frame the sentences properly and cannot give the accurate information which results very poor understanding by the receiver hence the purpose will not be served. The receiver should not feel the communicating act with the sender is a waste of time.
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Loss in transmission:
The choice of the channel or medium plays an important factor. This is very minor issue but leads to inability in transmitting the actual message. This is mostly physical noise. However the responsibility lies with the sender, as he should ensure that all channels are free of noise before commencing communication.
3.Physical Noise :
Physical noise is often a barrier in the process of communication. In a factory because of the noise of machines etc. verbal communication is difficult. If a radio or TV is blaring the conversation becomes difficult and messages get distorted. Sender should take care of the physical noise surrounded before communicating.
4.Semantic Problem:
High and big sounding words definitely look and sound impressive.
But if the receiver is not able to comprehend the impact of these words the entire exercise proves futile. This problem could arise in the overall meaning of the message.
5.Over and Under-Communication
The quantum of communication should be just right. Neither should there be excess information nort should it be too scanty. Excess information may confuse and the scanty information would make the receiver grope actual intent of the message. Sender should see that there are no repetitions in the communication.
6.’I’ – Attitude:
Sender should never use the pronoun “I” at the beginning and at the ending the communication. If the sender uses more often ‘I’ pronoun , it gradually leads to what is referred to as the I-syndrome. He would not be receptive to changes, if suggested by the receiver , as such , changes would go against his personal formulation of certain views.
7.Prejudices:
Starting any piece of communication with the bias or know-it-all attitude can prove to be quite detrimental to the growth of communication process. When communication commences, all sorts of prejudices should be done away with, and the mind should be free of bias. T This would enable the sender to formulate his message, keeping only the receiver and his needs in mind. Thoughts like “last time he said this….or “Last time he did this…”can totally warp the formulation of the message.
Remedies for overcoming sender-oriented barriers:
Care and the constant practice on the part of the sender can remover these barriers.
1.PLAN AND CLARIFY IDEAS: Ideas should be carefully formulated/thought out before beginning any kind of communication. This can be done by following a few steps. Test thinking by communicating with peers and colleagues. It is said that two minds always better than one.
Ideas when discussed aloud with another person, necessarily take on a shape and form.
2.CREATE A CLIMATE OF TRUST AND CONFIDENCE☹Empathise
In order to win the trust and confidence of the receiver, the sender has to put in extra effort through which he is able to win the trust and confidence of the recipient. This is normally referred as establishing sender credibility.
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TIME YOUR MESSAGE CAREFULLY:
Different occasions and different hours necessitate a change in the encoding of the message. The sender has to be careful of the time when and the place where he makes his statements. As all communication is situation bound , a statement made at an incorrect moment , or a wrong place can stimulate an undesired response. The most prudent step is to measure the import of the message in relation to the situation and them impart it.
4.REINFORCE WORDS WITH ACTION
Whatever statements are made, should be reinforced by action on the part of the sender. The receiver should not feel that there are two codes at play, one for transmittal and the other for action. If there is harmony between the two, the decoder is mentally at peace, for his grasp is more accurate and thorough.
Once all barriers to communication have been overcome, communication, it is said, has been meaningful and purposeful.
Receiver oriented Barriers:
The receiver too can be guilty of erecting barriers in the course of the interaction. Although his role in the initial phase is passive, he becomes active when he starts assimilating and absorbing he information. He is equally to blame if the situation goes awry and communication comes to a stop, or there is miscommuncation.
1.POOR RETENTION: Retention is extremely important during interaction. If the receiver has poor retention capability, he would probably get lost in the course of the proceedings.
2.IN ATTENTIVE LISTENING:
The mind has its own way of functioning. The art of listening is an exercise in concentration. If the receiver can be honed this skill, barriers to communication would not be erected.
3. TENDENCEY TO EVALUATE;
Being judgmental and evaluative are both the starting points for miscommunication. Remember, the mind cannot perform two activities at the same time. If is is evaluating, listening cannot take place. Evaluation should always be a sequel to the listening process.
4.INTERESTS AND ATTITUDES:
The receiver should develop interest. “ I am not interested in what you are saying” or “My interest lies in other areas” . Starting any piece of communication with this kind of indifference can thwart any attempts at communication. Fixed notions of this kind should be dispensed with. It is not possible to be interested in all that is being said. But to start any communication with this notion is hazardous.
5.DIFFERING STATUS AND POSITION:
Position in the organizational hierarchy is no criterion to determine the strength of ideas and issues. Rejecting the proposal of a subordinate or harbouring a misconception that a junior can not come up with a ‘eureka’ concept is not right. In fact, many companies have started encouraging youngsters to come up with ideas and solutions to a particular problem. These ideas are then discussed among senior officers and their validity is ascertained keeping the workings and the constraints of the company in mind. The basic purpose of this upward traversing of ideas is that fresh and innovative minds can come up with unique solutions. If an individual has been working in a particular company for some years, it is natural that his mind gets conditioned in a particular manner. Challenging newcomers to innovate as apart of company policy takes care of ego problems that may arise if this is not the accepted norm.
6.RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
Flexibility is most important factor in communication process. Fixed ideas, coupled with an unwillingness to change or discuss, hampers listening and results in miscommunication. People with dogmatic opinions and views prove to be very poor communicators and erect maximum number of barriers.
7.REFUTATIONS AND ARGUMENTS:
Always enter into healthy discussions. Refutations and arguments are negative in nature. Trying to communicate with the sender on the premise that refutations and arguments can yield fruitful results would prove to be futile.
Communication is a process in which the sender and the receiver are at the same level. The minute the refutations or arguments begin, there is a shift in balance between the two participants, after which the receiver moves to a conceived higher position and the sender remains at the same level. In case there are some contradictions that need to be resolved, discussion is the right way to approach. Listening to the views of the other, trying to understand or at least showing that there has been understanding, appreciating and , finally posting own views should not make the sender feel small or slighted.
Most of the barriers that are receiver-oriented are best overcome by improving listening skills and learning strategies of giving feedback.
6.REPORT WRITING
A report is a logical presentation of facts and information. It is a logical and coherent structuring of information, ideas and concepts. It is a basic tool on which decisions can be based.
What is a report? As per C.A.Brown it is very simple: A report is “a communication from someone who has some information to someone who needs that information”.
FIVE W’S AND ONE H
Prior to commencing work on a report, a few queries should be raised by the report-writer and satisfactorily answered. Basically the writer should answer the queries centered to five W’s and one H.
- What? : what is the outline of the message?
- Why? : Why is the issue important?
- Who? : Who is involved in the situation?
- When? :The timings of the situation
- Where? : The place of the situation.
- How ? : The main reason for the content/how it happened?
The goal of making reports is to make information as clear and convenient and accessible as possible. Because time is precious, You tell the readers what they want to know –no more, no less- and you present the information in such a way that
it geared to their needs.
Reports vary widely in their purpose. They also differ with the type of audience they are written for.
TYPES OF REPORTS
Basically there is two types of reports.
- Informational
- Analytical
Broadly speaking both types of reports contain similar components in terms of structure or organization. Reports can be further classified in different ways.
1.On the basis of formality:
Informal Report : This is done usually at the personal level. As these reports deals with person to person communication, it does not follow any format and informally convey s the required information.
Formal Report : This is prepared in prescribed form in an organization, an institute presented to the prescribed authority. For ex: Director’s report, Auditors Report or AGM reports.
2.On the basis of frequency of issue:
Periodic or Routine Reports: These are presented at regular, routine intervals in the normal course of business. The time period could be annually, half yearly, monthly, fortnightly, weekly or even daily. Generally, these reports are a mere statement of facts. Examples: Progress reports, Sales reports, Performance reports etc.
Special Reports : They are related and generated for a single occasion or situation. They deal with non-recurrent issues. An individual or a committee is appointed to investigate the situation and present its findings. They give suggestions to the management to decisions. For ex: project reports, Feasibility Study Report, First Information Reports (FIR) etc.
3.On the basis of function :
Informative Report : This presents facts and information related to an issue or situation. For Ex: Annual Balance Sheets, Sales reports with figures etc.
Interpretive Report : This analyses the facts, draw conclusions and makes recommendation to solve the problem. For Ex. If the report delves into the causes of low sales during a particular period, it becomes an interpretive or analytical report.
- On the basis of the nature of the subject
Problem- Determining Report
Fact-Finding report
Performance Report
Technical Report
Some other types of Reports:
- F.I.R. or First Information Report
- Progress Report
- Inspection Report
- Performance appraisal report
- Project Report
- Annual Report
- Feasibility Report
- Survey Report
- Press Report.
ANALYTICAL REPORTS:
The analytical report comprises stages in which there is a proper identification of the problem, analysis and subsequent interpretation. Recommendations or suggestions are then incorporated in the report, depending upon what is required by the report writer.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD REPORT
We can distinguish the reports as good or bad based upon the following characteristics:
1.Accuracy : This is very essential for a good report. If the facts are wrong , it may leas to disastrous results. Some times even with a minor mistake in fact the business will suffer to a greater extent.
2.Precision : The writer should be absolutely clear about the exact purpose of the report.
Precision gives it a kind of cohesion and unity.
3.Relevance : The facts presented in the report should bear the relevant to the situation. Irrelevant facts or message makes the reports confusing.
4.Brevity : A report should be as brief as possible. But this quality should not be achieved at the cost of clarity. The report should not be unnecessarily long. Include everything but be brief.
5.Simple and unambiguous language : It should be free from fancy statements and figures of speech. Since it is a technical document of utility, it should remain simple and non-confusing.
6.Reader Orientation : While drafting a report, one should keep in mind the people who will be reading it. A report meant for the layman will be totally different from a report meant for technical experts.
7.Clarity : A good report is absolutely clear. The reader should not have any problem in understanding it. Clarity should be maintained in presentation and the purpose. The sources of data, findings and recommendations should all be extremely clear. Suitable headings and paragraphing must be done. If the report contains figures, they should be presented in suitable tables and formats. The report must be written systematically for extreme clarity.
Preparing A Report
Once you are clear about the purpose of writing a report, the person’s for whom it is meant, the facts to be examined and the facts to be included, and the time at your disposal, and know what type of report you are going to write, it is time to start the work.
Suggestions to write a report :
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Investing the sources of information :Investing the sources of information is done right at the beginning. The extent of the investigation depends upon the length and importance of the report. Major sources of information are company files, personal observation, interviews, letters, questionnaires and library research.
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Taking Notes : During investigations the writer should take the notes continuously.
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Analyzing the data: All the data collected is analyzed. Some needs to be rejected and more might be needed fresh. The writer should never be in a hurry here, as this is an important stage.
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Making an outline :Once all the ingredients are ready the writer should plan the report in his mind and should prepare an outline. In this , the problem is stated, the facts are recorded, they are analyzed and the logical conclusion is reached. This is more like a rough copy and is very helpful in the final report writing.
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Writing the report :Writing the report requires a lot of planning and consultation. It should be correct in all ways-logically, grammatically and clarity-wise. The writer must take pains over this, as it will be read by the person who needs it and they will form an impression.
PARTS OF THE REPORT
A report has several parts, which enables the writer to layout all the information in a simple easy-to-read form. All reports do not need all the parts, but longer reports, which are formal, do need to have all the parts.
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Title : Every report should have a title which indicates the subject of the study, the period and the location of the study. If the report is long, it can cover the whole page, including other things like the writers name etc. In case of a short report, the title appears at the top of the first page only.
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Terms of reference : This gives details about the assignment and the pruppose and scope of the study.
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Procedure : This mentions the methods used to collect information for the report writing. The methods of data collection will depend on the nature of the study. For example: visits, personal inspections, experimentation, interrogation, old records, etc.
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Findings : This is the main part where the findings are presented. The collected facts and figures have to be organized into a presentable and readable form. Suitable headings and subheading are to be included. This section may end with a summary of the most important findings that emerge. There may be a separate section with the conclusions.
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Use of illustrations : A report becomes much more readable, clear and effective if the findings are explained with relevant illustrations. These can be in the form of charts, graphs , diagrams, maps, etc.
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Recommendations : These are proposals for action suggested by the report writing authority. This in included only if the assignment has asked for it and are usually given by senior people.
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Signature, Place, Date: All the people who are in the report writing committee must sign the report. The signature is on the right and the place and date are on the left. The date is the date-of-submission of the report.
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Table of contents : This is included only if the report is long. It can be attached after the title page.
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Appendix : This is supplementary material given at the end of the report. This is something, which has been used or referred to in the report. For example, map, questionnaire, etc. If there is more than one appendix, they are numbered.
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Acknowledgemets : This is a list of names of people or organizations that helped in the report writing. It will appear before the first chapter.
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ADDENDA: The are some optional items of the report will comes under Addenda. We will not see these items in all the reports. Their inclusion will depend on their need, the length of the report and the technical nature of the report. This will include the following:
List of references : Sometimes other written material is used and quoted in the report that you write. When this is done, you must always quote the place from whre it has veen taken and who has authorized it.
Bibliography: If the report is based on some extensive work already done by someone else, the party should be name under ‘bibliography’. It can also include workds recommended for further reading.
Glossary : It is the list of technical words used in the report and their meanings.
Appendices : Statistical data, charts, maps and diagrams, copies of questionnaires, etc. are not incorporated in the main body of the report. This is because it creates a diversion and the flow of the report is lost. These things are however essential for reference and are, hence included at the end.
Contents Page : This is given in case of long reports. Ti is normally included in the beginning. It specifies the various items that will appear in the report along with the page number on which they will appear.
7. COMMUNICATOIN TECHNOLOGY- OFFICE PROCEDURES AND AUTOMATION
Communicating successfully in the business world today includes communicating effectively by electronic automation. A medium is the means of transmitting or conveying a message. Some media carry written words/pictures/graphics and other media carry the voice. Electronic media can carry both the voice and written material.
Any organization needs to have a healthy and effective communication tools, the medium that suits for their office environment. Hence one should be very careful in selecting the medium. Let us look into some aspects in choosing the medium for a particular message:
- The type of audience you want to reach
- The speed with which the message should be conveyed, The pressure and the distance between the sender and the receiver influence the choice of medium. E-mail is much faster than courier/by mail.
- Need for confidentiality of the message is an important consideration.
- Need for accuracy in transmission is very important, the content should be more precise and accurate.
- Need for reliability of the medium is an important factor. For example sending a message by hand delivery is more reliable than ordinary mail, registered post is more reliable than ordinary mail.
- Cost of the medium and its relative importance and urgency.
- Availability of a particular medium to the sender and to the receiver is obviously affecting factor.
- Feedback capacity of the medium.
- Availability of hard copy of record.
- Formality of the medium must be suitable to content of the message. A letter of congratulation is more formal and has a different effect from conveying the same orally.
- Intensity and complexity of the message is a major factor. Some messages like changes in policies regarding the employees, when a job of an employee is in danger, or messages with the emotional aspects have high intensity and are very complex. One should be very careful in selecting the medium in any organization irrespective of the size.
Oral messages: are carried by air vibrations, the microphones/loud-speaker, the telephone, cellular phone, voice mail and the radio. The written messages are carried through e-mails, fax, etc. Now a days the interaction between the various branches of the same office situated in different parts of the world is also possible through Teleconfenrencing.
Electronic Communication :
The media which transmit signals instantly from any source to any destination in the world by modern electronic technology.
Telephone
This form of electronic communication has been around for nearly a century. It is the most useful and universal medium of oral communication with a person who is not present at the same place as the sender. The telephone instrument has evolved, over the years, into very sophisticated forms with many new facilities.
Intercom facilities : telephonic conversations within the office –inter departmental personal can instantly which saves time.
STD-Subscriber Trunk Dialing – allows the user to make call to a number located in another city directly . This facility is available in almost all the parts of the state.
ISD _ International Subscriber Dialing : This more higher version of STD, here we can communicate to any part of the world . Every country has an international code number which we dial before dialing the required number.
Both the STD and ISD facilities can be locked with a number code on telephone attached to electronic exchanges.
Cellular Phone – The cellular (mobile) phone is based on a combination of the old radio technology and emerging telecommunication technology. Cellular phones operate through airways, much like a radio. Air time is charged. Cellular phone instruments have facilitated for storage of numbers, record of missed calls, for receiving text messages (SMS), for leaving voice mail, and for receiving information given. Infact Mobile phones have the capacity for multimedia messaging. It allows you to add pictures, sound , colour, voice, animation, to messages which you send over the mobile phone. Photos can be taken by MMS-enabled phone can be sent to other MMS-enabled phones, to e-mail addresses, can be published on the internet, used in a presentation, or just stored in a personal album.
Benefits: The mobile has freed managers from the confines of their offices as they can be in touch with the office from wherever they are. It has become possible to contact persons who are traveling or are out in the open. Marketing persons who visit customers can instantly get in touch with their home office to consult. Most importantly traveling representatives have instant access to data and information from the home, office as well as other information through the internet which can be accessed from the mobile phone.
Voice Mail :
Voice mail is a communication service on the telephone line. The simple answering machine which can be attached to a telephone is a form of voice mail: it allows caller to leave name, number and message if do not answer the phone. The message can be retrieved and answered later, at a more convenient time. Hence Voice mails helps to make better use of time, it can help to prevent interruptions in office work.
Fax :
The facsimile machine is a device for transmitting copies of printed image over telephone lines. The machine is connected to the telephone through a modem.
Fax permits quick exchange of information and documents between offices and organizations and individuals. Important decisions and instructions can be quickly conveyed to branches and other offices.
Fax can also sent through the computer. The latest models of computers have an inbuilt modem, and software.
E-mail:
Electronic mail requires a computer, a telephone line and a modem. E-mail is the most frequently used application of the internet. The communication is almost instantaneous, besides sending a message you can send whole documents are attached to the message.
It is easy to send an e-mail, one should prepare a message on a word processing program, log on to the e-mail, copy and paste the message on the ‘compose’ directly on the compose frame after logging on and send it by clicking on the ‘send’ button. The messages remains in the receiver’s email inbox and can be read at any time. In order to send an e-mail one should know the recipient’s e-mail address.
Advantages :
An important capability of e-mail is its ability to create on going electronic conferences. E-mail provides ‘discussion groups’ or list for electronic conferences.
E-mail makes information more accessible and permits faster procedures in an organization.
E-mail does not command the feedback instantly as in the case of telephone, there is time to think before replying.
E-mail democratizes the organization within organization, e-mail bypasses
the chain of command for vertical communication. A sub-ordinate’s querry or observation may be simultaneously on the computer of the immediate supervisor as well as a higher level manager. Information which would take time moving through the chain of command and may get edited on the way, can go straight to the intended recipient.
Tele Conferencing :
Conferences held by the people sitting in different branches/ areas of the same organization or the of the segment with the help of Audio and video presentation equipment are referred as Teleconference.
1.Audio Conferencing:
Provides the facility to move text, computer generated images, photographs and large files over ordinary telephone lines (like internet). It is not as expensive as video conferencing but still requires going to the location that has the equipment or investing in the equipment.
2.Vedio Conferencing :
Allows people at different locations to see and hear each other at the same time. It is fully interactive and almost like a face-to-face meeting. With the more complex systems and equipment it is possible to have more than two locations connected together so that they can see and hear together so that they can see and hear one another almost like an actual meeting.
Benefits :
The benefits of video conferencing are remarkable.
- Almost like communicating face-to-face.
- The interaction allows people from different places to understand/know more about each other.
- It develops intimacy and goes long way in building relationships in a way that telephone or e-mail cannot do.
- It improves appeal and retention by including diverse media like video-audio clips, graphics, animation and computer applications for demonstrations and explanation.
- It saves the time and cost of traveling to meet and allows people to keep in touch more frequently.
- It enriches communication in several ways.
Internet
The internet is a world-wide collection of computer networks that co-operate with one another by using a common software standard. It conveys data through satellite links and telephone wires. The speed of the internet has changed the way people receive information. The size, scope and design of the internet enables users to:
- connect easily through an ordinary personal computer and local telephone line,
- exchange electronic mail with colleagues, customers, friends and also attach files which are on their computer,
- share business and research data among colleagues,
- request and provide and help with problems and questions,
- post information for others to access, and update the information regularly,
- publicise and market good and services,
- gather valuable feedback and suggestions from customers and business partners,
- access multimedia information which includes photographic images, sounds and video,
- join group discussions on any subject,
- subscribe to mail lists on top of interest and receive views expressed.
Since the internet consist of not one but multiple data systems, which were developed independently, it allows users to access a variety of services. The most important and popular ones are:
- E-mail for exchange of electronic mail,
- Internet Relay Chat (IRC) for sending private and public messages to other users in real time,
- USENET newsgroups for posting and answering messages on public “bulletin board”,
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for storing and retrieving data files on large computers systems.
- CU-See Me, a videoconferencing system which allows users to send and receive sound and pictures simultaneously over the internet.
Computers :
We do not see even a single office without having a computer. Infact just a tabletop computer itself is treated as an office. One should agree to the fact that the entire world is connected and treated as a global village due to the invention and usage of computer with various applications.
The computer is a versatile electronic instrument which can combine various media functions. The trend of technology is towards convergence of various technologies so that the computer has become the single multi-task equipment for all kinds of transmission.
Uses:
- A computer helps in preparation of letters, reports, meeting agenda, and various other documents required in an office by using some applications.
- Databases of customers, suppliers, and employee information etc can be stored and maintained and easily updated.
- Electronic mail, Voice mail, Videoconferencing, and multimedia facility allows all forms of communication to be transmitted. Fax and telex can also be sent through the computer.
- The access to the internet is possible only through the computer. Special facilities like e-commerce, and internet banking, etc are possible through the computer.
- Accounting software is already in use in many offices so that account books do not have to be written manually. Various financial reports can be prepared within a short time by using the accounting software packages.
Software programs are being written for almost all activities in business. Computer technology is the fastest growing field, advances are made rapidly, and users can upgrade their equipment and buy latest software for more advanced tasks.
8. HUMAN RESOURCE AND COMMUNICATION
The principle component of an organization is its “human resources” or “people at work”. Human resources have been defined as “from the national point of view, the knowledge skills, creative abilities, talents and aptitudes obtained in the population, whereas from the view point of the individual enterprise, they represent the total of the inherent abilities, acquired knowledge, skills as exemplified in the talents and aptitudes of its employees. These are also referred as ‘human factors’ which refer to “a whole consisting of inter-related, inter-dependent and inter-acting physiological, psychological, sociological and ethical components.
It is the Human Resources which has paramount importance in the success of any organization because most of the problems in organizational settings are human and social rather than physical, technical or economic. Failure to recognize this fact causes immense loss to the nation, enterprise and the individual. Management of Men is a very important and challenging .It is a job, not of managing men but of administering a social system.
Link between the HR and Communication: Communication is one of the most fundamental actions that links one human being to the another. It is the fiber that binds together social relationships. As HR deals with the personnel , it is an increasing requirement of the HR professional to be an effective communicator. To quote, Geoff Armstrong, CIPD Director General HR, people are ‘uniquely placed to design and operate organizations and practices that can lead to success. Understanding this and delivering solutions to the people needs of the organization is the starting point for positioning HR’s role in the communication process’.
Role of Human Resources in Organsational Communication: The growing importance of communication in our lives means that it is no longer possible to separate communication from human relations: it is right in the ballpark of the HR professional. The necessity to get communication right should be considered as a critical success factor for the organization. The internal communicator (HRM) has to play a major part in providing this information, not as a photocopier of information but as an “adviser with teeth”. Let us study the challenges that would be faced by the employer through the Human Resource Personnel:
- To make sure that every stake holder in the organization understands the direction, the strategy, the operational context and the performance.
- To make sure that everyone understands and accept what is expected of them in this environment.
- To protect and enhance the organization’s image.
In short this is a matter of communicating with impact: expressing thoughts, feelings, and ideas effectively in individual and group situations, presenting ideas effectively, clearly expressing ideas….adjusting language to the characteristics and needs of the audience.
Human Relations Management has a very strong link in between the organization and the performance. Hence HR professionals should take more on organizational communication. HR communication is an immensely important area of HR strategy and practice.
Human Resource Manager should be clear about his role in the organization. Then understand the contribution of the organizational communication to his role. And develop some new skills to fulfill the challenge. Let us study the contexts for growing interest in organizational communication where HR would be playing a vital role.
- Leadership: Communication is a dimension or a facet of almost all that a leader does. A leader communicates in order to achieve the common task, to build the team and to meet individual needs. In the context of a leadership, to communicate means to share with or impart to others one’s thoughts and information in order to obtain a desired response… the primary responsibility for good communication lies with the leader.
- Getting Oraganizational Communication right: Most of the managers understands the strategic implications of the information based, knowledge driven, service-intensive economy. They know what the new game requires: speed, flexibility, and continuous self renewal. Skilled and motivated people are central to the operations of any company that wishes to flourish in the new age. Hence, the communications is all part of the success path in this new economic reality.
3. Now we know that HRM should get grip with communication in the context of the organization and HR function. As we all knew, the days of command and control management are gone. Today’s organizations are run by multi-and cross functional teams in which baby boomers and Generation-X managers should little tolerance for unquestioned authority. To deal with this situation, the art of persuation is necessary . This involves, careful operation, the proper framing of arguments, the presentation of vivid supporting evidence, and the effort to find the correct match with your audience.
Now this is evident that HR’s involvement in organizational communication is now a priority. These are compelling reasons for anyone in HR to take an interest in the development of communication as a discipline, as a value-added contribution and a core competence of the professional. Effective communication for the HR professional will require a refinement of the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours that have been necessary to date. And this needs to prepare an HR communication strategy and plan.
HR Communication Strategy : We all know that there is an important role for HR in organizational communication. HR communication strategy should be an integral part of the business strategy, contributing to the business planning process as it happens.
Once organizations have been through the process of strategy-setting that best suits them then they normally move to the implementation stage. This is involves the development of functional strategies, of which HR is one-communication is a key part of this. In recent times the development of an HR communication strategy and associated actions is increasingly important. HR have to be professional in the way they communicate because of the complexity of the process. There are, for instance, psychological barriers to communication, including people’s emotions, perceptions and selectivity.
Concepts:
1. HR communication strategy deals with softer issues of beliefs and values as well as the harder things about pay, training and so on.
2. It positions the human elements of the communication against the business strategy. Portraying HR communication strategy as a business based entity.
3. It is done in systematic way.
4. It includes both internal and external publics. HR communication strategy is as much about communicating with potential employees, the media and the other public.
Prepare the HRcommunication strategy : A sequential approach is needed in setting up of any HR communication strategy. Below are the basic aspects to be covered in the framework of HR communication strategy:
- What is the message to be communicated?
- What are the objectives?
- Who are the target audience?
- Who is the sender of the message?
- What is the medium?
- How will feedback be obtained?
Ex:-The board’s decision on the annual pay round can be communicated to the employees successfully based upon the above aspects of HR communication strategy.
HR Communication Plan:
The HR communication plan serves three purposes.
- It articulates the detail of the implementation programme.
- It provides a framework for co-ordinating all the constituent parts of HR.
- It provides role clarity both within the HR function and those parts of the organization on which HR is dependent.
The HR communication plan is the road map by which the communication strategy is achieved.
The HR communication plan and its implementation will not be successful unless those in HR are fully competent in the theory and practice of communication. The following is a description of some of the skills that will be needed.
- Developing a communication strategy.
- Planning and control.
- Influencing.
- Using information effectively.
- Effective Personal competencies (oral and written communication )
- Presentation skills.
Preparing an HR communication plan allows the HR professional to deal with both long and short-term demands. In the long term the overall purpose of HR communication will be identified and the planning process will facilitate a dialogue about what the key messages or objectives are. Then resources can be allocated to implement the longer-term communication plan. The HR communication plan will also provide a framework within which short-term communication may take place. The benefits of being able to see that next week’s pay communication coincides with an announcement of a large-scale recruiting or redundancy exercise are great. The absence of such a plan means that HR will not achieve the joined-up approach for which we strive.