The major river system of India viz The Himalayan river system which is snow and rainfed and the peninsular river system which is totally rainfed are the main source of water. The major part of Himalayan river system comprise the Indus the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna ((Barak) system. The Ganga rising from the snow capped Himalayan mountains, flows through the great Indo-Gangetic plains. The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet where it is known as the tsangpo and runs a long distance until it enters into India in Arunachal Pradesh under the name of Siang or Dihang. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra join in bangladesh and continue to flow under the name Padma forming the Sunderban delta.
The Indus, which is one of the great rivers of the world, rises near Mansarovar in Tibet, flows through India, thereafter to pakistan and finally falls into the Arabian Sea near Karachi. Its major tributaries the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej originate in India and after flowing through the Punjab plains join the Indus.
The importance river systems in the Deccan under peninsular river system are the Narmada and the Tapi, which flow westwards into Arabian Sea. The east-flowing rivers of the Deccan, the Brahmani, the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, the Pennar and the Cauvery fall into Bay of Bengal. There are numerous coastal rivers, which are comparatively small. While only handful of such rivers drain into the sea from the east coast, there are as many as 600 such rivers on the west coast.
Main source of freshwater is the precipitation including snowfall, averaging to about 4000 b.cu.m received on the Indian land mass, and the flows, about 390 b.cu.m, received from other countries. The estimated round off is 1869 b.cu.m.
Due to large spatial and temporal variability in the rainfall pattern the water resources distribution in the country is highly skewed. The Ganga-Brahmaputra- Meghna basin covering 33.5 per cent of the country's area contributes as much as 62 per cent of the water resources whereas the west flowing rivers with only 3.5 per cent of area contributes as much as elevan percent (11%) of the water resources.
Ground Water
Based on large volume of hydro-geological and related data generated by Central Ground Water Board and State Ground Water Organizations and the existing knowledge of ground water regime, replenishable ground water resources in the country have been estimated as 432 b.cu. m.
In the alluvium plains of the Indo-Gangetic valley, ground water depths measure upto 450 metre. The coastal aquifers also have similar depth range of ground water availability. Inland river basins in the country have recorded shallower depth within the range of 100 -150 m.
Static Ground Water resource also sometimes known as "fossil" water , considered as ground water available in the aquifer zones below the zone of water level fluctuation, available in the country has been assessed as 10,812 b. cu. m., on the basis of the depth of availability of ground water and the productivity of deeper aquifers. However, as per the National Water Policy, development of ground water resources is to be limited to utilisation of replenishable component of naturally occurring ground water available in sub-surface domain.
Ground water is widely dispersed. It is an important source of water for drinking and irrigation. Ground water contributes 51 percent of the irrigation potential created in the country through more than 4 million dug wells, 5 million shallow tube wells and some ninety thousand public tube wells.
Assessing Freshwater Resources
Water resources assessment is the determination of the sources, extent, dependability and quality and the above parameters are based on our evaluation of its utilization. Planners and decision makers require such information on ways of meeting the expected demands. The existing and future uses of water must be determined giving due consideration to quality and ecosystems needs of the aquatic environment as a legitimate user of the resources.
The river basin is recognized as the appropriate unit for planning and development of our water resources. Measurement of its quantity and quality, and of other characteristics of the environment affecting water, are an essential requisite basis for adopting effective water management strategies.
Measuring on a regular basis the hydrological elements, which control water resources, is necessary to determine how much water is available for use. These elements include precipitation, evaporation and river flow, as well as the water stored in soil, aquifers, reservoirs and glaciers. The water’s quantity, quality and biological characteristics are to be measured regularly.
Despite the large number of hydrological stations, the coverage of the network needed additional stations. Indeed, national networks in much of the developing countries are declining to the extent that many nations are less able to determine their water resources now than was the case in 1967. Such information is vital for investment purposes, as well as for advancing scientific understanding. Keeping this in view the HYDROLOGY PROJECT was initiated in eight peninsular states with a view to upgrade the water resources assessment capabilities, capacity building of the concerned state agencies and to create a national data bank for free exchange of all data with access for the genuine users to the data.
Water and Health
Human health is dependent on wholesome and reliable supply of water and safe sanitation. It is estimated that at any given time about half the people living in developing countries are suffering from water-related diseases caused directly by infection, or indirectly by disease-carrying organisms that breed in water, such as mosquitoes. Diarrhea, infections by parasites, river blindness and malaria are among the most widespread of these diseases. Health concern also arise due to exposure to various chemicals in drinking water, for example high levels of nitrates, effect of which are not easy to quantify. Pollutants can build up in shellfish to the point that they harm the people who eat them; for example eating seafood contaminated by mercury from industrial discharges results in Minimata disease. Also due to over extraction of ground water several parts of the country faces facing problems relating to arsenic, fluoride and salinity.
The effects of pollution on wildlife can also be far reaching. These include death, eggshell thinning, population decline, reduced success of hatching, birth defects and a range of other health hazards for the birds, fish and other forms of life which live in the rivers, lakes wetlands and deltas. These are, of course, places of pollution accumulation, as near the estuaries, lagoons and bays of the coastal zone. Changes in the conditions of the aquatic environment arising from human activities can endanger the different species living there, in some cases leading to the decline and extinction.
National Water Development Strategy
In future the margin between the national available resource and the volume of water used is going to diminish. Population growth is the major factor. As mentioned earlier, country’s population is projected to reach 1.6 billion by the middle of the next century.
UN Commission for Sustainable Development, Second Session, New York, 1994 noted as follows :-
As the crisis approaches and as water resources become scarcer, the risk of conflict over them will become greater. After 2025 AD climate change could also make conditions worse if precipitation amounts decrease in the major food producing regions and evaporation rates increase. The bulk of the increase in food production has to come from irrigated lands and this, in turn, will require more money to be spend on long distance water transfers, dams and the like, should the resources be available. The increasing size and number of cities will create a much bigger pollution load unless sanitation systems are provided. Urgent and decisive action must begin now if impending water crisis of a national proportions later in the 21st Century – are to be avoided during the next 30 years.
The essential, initial tactic in this strategy is the alteration of attitudes towards water. Water must be generally acknowledged to be a precious resource, one we cannot do without. Consequently, water must be the environmental issue at the top of our agenda; of governments, institutions and individuals alike. Without this commitment it is illusory to maintain that we will be able to defer the coming crisis.
A scare, competing and stressed water scenario requires that we look forward into the millinium, with a vision that emphasiged the vision statement is as follows :
"Optimal sustainable development, maintenance of quality and efficient use of country’s water resources to match the growing demands on this precious natural resources with active involvement of all stakeholders in order to achieve accelerated, equitable economic development of the country."
Four major components surface from this vision. :
- there are sustainable development of water resources,
- maintaining the quality of water resources,
- efficient use of water resources of the country and
- Stakeholders’ participation.
Deriving from it the adopted in 2002 has also laid emphasis on the need for involving all stakeholders in various facets of water resources management and development right from the planning stage. The Policy's other salient features are:
- Planning, development and management of water is cities resources from a national perspective.
- Conserving water in the catchment.
- Maximising the extent of utilizable water resources in the country.
- Prioritizing water use allocation as : Drinking water; Irrigation; Hydropower; Ecology; Agro-industries/non-agricultural industries; Navigation and other uses.
- Safe drinking water facilities for the entire population as on topmost priority.
- Participation of beneficiaries and other stakeholders in project planning and its management.
- Prevention of over-exploitation of ground water.
- Improve efficiency and optimal productivity per unit of water.
- Minimum flow in the perennial streams for maintaining ecology and river regume system.
- Adoption polluter pays’ principle in management of polluted water.
- Master plan for flood control and management including flood plain zoning and flood risk maps.
- Dought proofing through accelerated implementation of conservation measures, water harvesting practices, including artificial recharge of ground water.
Water and Development
Prior to independence, the country suffered time and again by droughts leading to famines and starvation. The poor suffered the most. Mainly failure of the monsoon or deficient rains leading to crop-failure and sometimes, intensive rains causing floods and destruction of standing crops caused perpetual these distress. Omuta so the remedy was lay in developing our water resources of the country to provide assured irrigation so as it overcome the vagaries of the nature.
Population growth and high living standards have increased the demand for food and water. This has exerted additional pressure on our natural resources including environmental degradation. Alleviating poverty is equally essential. If sustainable development is to be mean anything, such development must be based on an appropriate understanding of the environment.
Poverty alleviation has been one of the main objectives of our development planning. Government has been a key player in the development of water resources of the country. There are many success stories and some failures too. About 83% of the developed water resources of the country are presently used for irrigation that has contributed to significant agricultural growth.
INTERLINKING OF RIVERS
Implementing the concept of rivers was concieved as early as in 1980 for optimum development and utilisation of water resources through inter-basin water transfer envisaging diversion of water from surplus river basins to water deficit basins/areas. Creation of storages and inter-basin transfer of water is a possible option for overcoming these disparities.
The vast variation both in space and time in the availability of water in different regions of the country has created what is normally referred to as a food-drought-flood syndrome, with some areas suffering from flood damages and other areas facing acute water shortage. Floods and drought affect vast areas of the country, transcending State boundaries. The drought prone area assessed in the country is of the order of 51.12 Mha, while the area susceptible to floods is around 40 million hectares. The States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are the worst drought prone States. The States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and Assam face the severe flood problems.
There has been significant development in the water resources sector in the post independence era to meet the food and fibre requirements of the people and accelerated economic growth. However, the scope and objectives of these developments have generally been confined to the respective basin development within the frame work of water sharing agreements among the riparian States.
A tentative study indicates that total annual requirement of freshwater for various sectors in the country will be about 1093 billion cubic meters by 2025 A.D. Break up is given below. This freshwater requirements by 2025 AD will be almost at par with exploitable water resources including both surface and ground water. However, to meet water requirements beyond the year 2025 AD, inter-basin transfer of water would facilitate additional availability of water. Inter-basin transfer of water from surplus to water deficit region through inter-linking of rivers, for which comprehensive study has been done as one of solutions to reduce the gap between demand and supply. Also that utilisation of return flows from various sectoral uses such as irrigation, domestic, industry and energy could be of reused and recycled.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
For recharging depleted ground water aquifers, arresting deteriorating ground water quality including salinity ingress initiatives would be undertaken in several parts of the country through programmes of roof-top water harvesting, artificial recharge and rain water harvesting structures to restore the depleting quantity and quality of ground water.
Polluting Water
Steams and rivers are now being used as convenient places to dump wastes. When the world's populationwas small and industry and agriculture were primitive, this posed no problems. But conditions have changes as cities swell and industry and agriculture demands increase. Today water pollution comes from many different sources, often in large volumes. Some of is in the forms of untreated sewage, industrial discharges, leakage from oil storage tanks, mine drainage and leaching from min waste, and drainage from the residues of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. Water pollution varies in severity from one region to the other depending on the density of urban development, agricultural and industrial practices and the presence or absence of systems for collecting and treating waste waters.
In most of the cities in the country untreated sewage finds its way into the nearest watercourse. Sewage requires to be adequately treated, so that the wastewater discharges from the treatment works reaches standards, which ensure a minimal impact on the receiving waters. Such systems allow the reuse of water in a number of river basins. Pollution can get locked away in river sediments and dumps of mine waste, which continue to haunt future generations. The release of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, silver and chromium which are highly toxic to aquatic life is one of such inherited problems. Some heavy metals are stored by fish and then passed on to humans through its comsumption.
Excessive Ground Water Exploitation
More water is being pumped out of a number of aquifers than is being replaced by the natural recharge .Groundwater levels in some aquifers have declined by tens of meters because of over-pumping, making it more difficult and expensive to abstract more water. This has resulted in land subsidence. Declining groundwater levels have reduced the dry weather flow and have caused some to disappear completely. . This is serious in arid areas where the aquifers contain "fossil" water and there is no possibility of recharge under current climatic conditions. This also causing deterioration in the quality of the groundwater.
Based on the hydro-geological surveys carried out in twelve major states covering 627 administrative blocks, 351 blocks have been declared as dark blocks where the groundwater extraction is more than the replenishable resources resulting in the reduced ground water tables. Another 276 blocks have been identified as gray blocks where similar problems are developing. Exploitation of ground water from dark blocks is being regulated through Central Ground Water Authority set up under Environmental Protection Act (1986).
Freshwater Resource International Concern
The decreasing freshwater availability is causing concern not only in India but also all over the world. Protection and Quality of Freshwater Resources has been identified as one of the main action for sustainable development in the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Rio, Brazil in 1992. Realizing this the Ministerial declaration at the Second World Water Forum in The Hague in March 2000 called upon the nations to work toward water security in the 21st century and make water as everybody’s business. Further the Ministerial Declaration at Freshwater meet in Bonn, 2001 placed greater commitment on agreed principles of water resources management and called upon for new partnership to create water wisdom, cleaning up watersheds, to reaching communities and innovative solutions for sustainable use, protection and management of freshwater
Ministry of Water Resources April 1, 2002
Government of India
Ministry of Water Resources
NATIONAL WATER POLICY
New Delhi
April, 2002
Ministry of Water Resources 1 April 1, 2002
Need for a National Water Policy
1.1 Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. Planning,
development and management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives.
1.2 As per the latest assessment (1993), out of the total precipitation, including snowfall, of around
4000 billion cubic metre in the country, the availability from surface water and replenishable ground water
is put at 1869 billion cubic metre. Because of topographical and other constraints, about 60% of this i.e. 690
billion cubic metre from surface water and 432 billion cubic metre from ground water, can be put to
beneficial use. Availability of water is highly uneven in both space and time. Precipitation is confined to
only about three or four months in a year and varies from 100 mm in the western parts of Rajasthan to over
10000 mm at Cherrapunji in Meghalaya. Rivers and under ground aquifers often cut across state boundaries.
Water, as a resource is one and indivisible: rainfall, river waters, surface ponds and lakes and ground water
are all part of one system.
1.3 Water is part of a larger ecological system. Realising the importance and scarcity attached to the
fresh water, it has to be treated as an essential environment for sustaining all life forms.
1.4 Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed, conserved and managed
as such, and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the socio-economic aspects
and needs of the States. It is one of the most crucial elements in developmental planning. As the country has
entered the 21st century, efforts to develop, conserve, utilise and manage this important resource in a
sustainable manner, have to be guided by the national perspective.
1.5 Floods and droughts affect vast areas of the country, transcending state boundaries. One-sixth area
of the country is drought-prone. Out of 40 million hectare of the flood prone area in the country, on an
average, floods affect an area of around 7.5 million hectare per year. Approach to management of droughts
and floods has to be co-ordinated and guided at the national level.
1.6 Planning and implementation of water resources projects involve a number of socio-economic
aspects and issues such as environmental sustainability, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation of
project-affected people and livestock, public health concerns of water impoundment, dam safety etc.
Common approaches and guidelines are necessary on these matters. Moreover, certain problems and
weaknesses have affected a large number of water resources projects all over the country. There have been
substantial time and cost overruns on projects. Problems of water logging and soil salinity have emerged in
some irrigation commands, leading to the degradation of agricultural land. Complex issues of equity and
social justice in regard to water distribution are required to be addressed. The development, and overexploitation
of groundwater resources in certain parts of the country have raised the concern and need for
judicious and scientific resource management and conservation. All these concerns need to be addressed on
the basis of common policies and strategies.
1.7 Growth process and the expansion of economic activities inevitably lead to increasing demands for
water for diverse purposes: domestic, industrial, agricultural, hydro-power, thermal-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. So far, the major consumptive use of water has been for irrigation. While the gross
irrigation potential is estimated to have increased from 19.5 million hectare at the time of independence to
about 95 million hectare by the end of the Year 1999-2000, further development of a substantial order is
necessary if the food and fiber needs of our growing population are to be met with. The country’s
population which is over 1027 million (2001 AD) at present is expected to reach a level of around 1390
million by 2025 AD.
Ministry of Water Resources 2 April 1, 2002
1.8 Production of food grains has increased from around 50 million tonnes in the fifties to about 208
million tonnes in the Year 1999-2000. This will have to be raised to around 350 million tonnes by the year
2025 AD. The drinking water needs of people and livestock have also to be met. Domestic and industrial
water needs have largely been concentrated in or near major cities. However, the demand in rural areas is
expected to increase sharply as the development programmes improve economic conditions of the rural
masses. Demand for water for hydro and thermal power generation and for other industrial uses is also
increasing substantially. As a result, water, which is already a scarce resource, will become even scarcer in
future. This underscores the need for the utmost efficiency in water utilisation and a public awareness of the
importance of its conservation.
1.9 Another important aspect is water quality. Improvements in existing strategies, innovation of new
techniques resting on a strong science and technology base are needed to eliminate the pollution of surface
and ground water resources, to improve water quality. Science and technology and training have to play
important roles in water resources development and management in general.
1.10 National Water Policy was adopted in September, 1987. Since then, a number of issues and
challenges have emerged in the development and management of the water resources. Therefore, the
National Water Policy (1987) has been reviewed and updated.
Information System
2.1 A well developed information system, for water related data in its entirety, at the national / state
level, is a prime requisite for resource planning. A standardised national information system should be
established with a network of data banks and data bases, integrating and strengthening the existing Central
and State level agencies and improving the quality of data and the processing capabilities.
2.2 Standards for coding, classification, processing of data and methods / procedures for its collection
should be adopted. Advances in information technology must be introduced to create a modern information
system promoting free exchange of data among various agencies. Special efforts should be made to develop
and continuously upgrade technological capability to collect, process and disseminate reliable data in the
desired time frame.
2.3 Apart from the data regarding water availability and actual water use, the system should also include
comprehensive and reliable projections of future demands of water for diverse purposes.
Water Resources Planning
3.1 Water resources available to the country should be brought within the category of utilisable
resources to the maximum possible extent.
3.2 Non-conventional methods for utilisation of water such as through inter-basin transfers, artificial
recharge of ground water and desalination of brackish or sea water as well as traditional water conservation
practices like rainwater harvesting, including roof-top rainwater harvesting, need to be practiced to further
increase the utilisable water resources. Promotion of frontier research and development, in a focused
manner, for these techniques is necessary.
3.3 Water resources development and management will have to be planned for a hydrological unit such
as drainage basin as a whole or for a sub-basin, multi-sectorally, taking into account surface and ground
water for sustainable use incorporating quantity and quality aspects as well as environmental considerations.
All individual developmental projects and proposals should be formulated and considered within the
framework of such an overall plan keeping in view the existing agreements / awards for a basin or a subbasin
so that the best possible combination of options can be selected and sustained.
Ministry of Water Resources 3 April 1, 2002
3.4 Watershed management through extensive soil conservation, catchment-area treatment, preservation
of forests and increasing the forest cover and the construction of check-dams should be promoted. Efforts
shall be to conserve the water in the catchment.
3.5 Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfers
from one river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into account the requirements
of the areas / basins.
Institutional Mechanism
4.1 With a view to give effect to the planning, development and management of the water resources on a
hydrological unit basis, along with a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary and participatory approach as well as
integrating quality, quantity and the environmental aspects, the existing institutions at various levels under
the water resources sector will have to be appropriately reoriented / reorganised and even created, wherever
necessary. As maintenance of water resource schemes is under non-plan budget, it is generally being
neglected. The institutional arrangements should be such that this vital aspect is given importance equal or
even more than that of new constructions.
4.2 Appropriate river basin organisations should be established for the planned development and
management of a river basin as a whole or sub-basins, wherever necessary. Special multi-disciplinary units
should be set up to prepare comprehensive plans taking into account not only the needs of irrigation but also
harmonising various other water uses, so that the available water resources are determined and put to
optimum use having regard to existing agreements or awards of Tribunals under the relevant laws. The
scope and powers of the river basin organisations shall be decided by the basin states themselves.
Water Allocation Priorities
5. In the planning and operation of systems, water allocation priorities should be broadly as follows:
∙ Drinking water
∙ Irrigation
∙ Hydro-power
∙ Ecology
∙ Agro-industries and non-agricultural industries
∙ Navigation and other uses.
However, the priorities could be modified or added if warranted by the area / region specific
considerations.
Project Planning
6.1 Water resource development projects should as far as possible be planned and developed as
multipurpose projects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration.
6.2 The study of the likely impact of a project during construction and later on human lives, settlements,
occupations, socio-economic, environment and other aspects shall form an essential component of project
planning.
6.3 In the planning, implementation and operation of a project, the preservation of the quality of
environment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration. The adverse impact on the
environment, if any, should be minimised and should be offset by adequate compensatory measures. The
project should, nevertheless, be sustainable.
Ministry of Water Resources 4 April 1, 2002
6.4 There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation,
clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment area treatment and management,
environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development.
The planning of projects in hilly areas should take into account the need to provide assured drinking water,
possibilities of hydro-power development and the proper approach to irrigation in such areas, in the context
of physical features and constraints of the basin such as steep slopes, rapid run-off and the incidence of soil
erosion. The economic evaluation of projects in such areas should also take these factors into account.
6.5 Special efforts should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in, or for the benefit of,
areas inhabited by tribal or other specially disadvantaged groups such as socially weak, scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes. In other areas also, project planning should pay special attention to the needs of scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes and other weaker sections of the society. The economic evaluation of projects
benefiting such disadvantaged sections should also take these factors into account.
6.6 The drainage system should form an integral part of any irrigation project right from the planning
stage.
6.7 Time and cost overruns and deficient realisation of benefits characterising most water related
projects should be overcome by upgrading the quality of project preparation and management. The
inadequate funding of projects should be obviated by an optimal allocation of resources on the basis of
prioritisation, having regard to the early completion of on-going projects as well as the need to reduce
regional imbalances.
6.8 The involvement and participation of beneficiaries and other stakeholders should be encouraged
right from the project planning stage itself.
Ground Water Development
7.1 There should be a periodical reassessment of the ground water potential on a scientific basis, taking
into consideration the qualit y of the water available and economic viability of its extraction.
7.2 Exploitation of ground water resources should be so regulated as not to exceed the recharging
possibilities, as also to ensure social equity. The detrimental environmental consequences of overexploitation
of ground water need to be effectively prevented by the Central and State Governments. Ground
water recharge projects should be developed and implemented for improving both the quality and
availability of ground water resource.
7.3 Integrated and coordinated development of surface water and ground water resources and their
conjunctive use, should be envisaged right from the project planning stage and should form an integral part
of the project implementation.
7.4 Over exploitation of ground water should be avoided especially near the coast to prevent ingress of
seawater into sweet water aquifers.
Drinking Water
8. Adequate safe drinking water facilities should be provided to the entire population both in urban and
in rural areas. Irrigation and multipurpose projects should invariably include a drinking water component,
wherever there is no alternative source of drinking water. Drinking water needs of human beings and
animals should be the first charge on any available water.
Ministry of Water Resources 5 April 1, 2002
Irrigation
9.1 Irrigation planning either in an individual project or in a basin as a whole should take into account
the irrigability of land, cost-effective irrigation options possible from all available sources of water and
appropriate irrigation techniques for optimising water use efficiency. Irrigation intensity should be such as to
extend the benefits of irrigation to as large a number of farm families as possible, keeping in view the need
to maximise production.
9.2 There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies.
9.3 Water allocation in an irrigation system should be done with due regard to equity and social justice.
Disparities in the availability of water between head-reach and tail-end farms and between large and small
farms should be obviated by adoption of a rotational water distribution system and supply of water on a
volumetric basis subject to certain ceilings and rational pricing.
9.4 Concerted efforts should be made to ensure that the irrigation potential created is fully utilised. For
this purpose, the command area development approach should be adopted in all irrigation projects.
9.5 Irrigation being the largest consumer of fresh water, the aim should be to get optimal productivity
per unit of water. Scientific water management, farm practices and sprinkler and drip system of irrigation
should be adopted wherever feasible.
9.6 Reclamation of water logged / saline affected land by scientific and cost-effective methods should
form a part of command area development programme.
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
10. Optimal use of water resources necessitates construction of storages and the consequent resettlement
and rehabilitation of population. A skeletal national policy in this regard needs to be formulated so that the
project affected persons share the benefits through proper rehabilitation. States should accordingly evolve
their own detailed resettlement and rehabilitation policies for the sector, taking into account the local
conditions. Careful planning is necessary to ensure that the construction and rehabilitation activities proceed
simultaneously and smoothly.
Financial and Physical Sustainability
11. Besides creating additional water resources facilities for various uses, adequate emphasis needs to be
given to the physical and financial sustainability of existing facilities. There is, therefore, a need to ensure
that the water charges for various uses should be fixed in such a way that they cover at least the operation
and maintenance charges of providing the service initially and a part of the capital costs subsequently. These
rates should be linked directly to the quality of service provided. The subsidy on water rates to the
disadvantaged and poorer sections of the society should be well targeted and transparent.
Participatory Approach to Water Resources Management
12. Management of the water resources for diverse uses should incorporate a participatory approach; by
involving not only the various governmental agencies but also the users and other stakeholders, in an
effective and decisive manner, in various aspects of planning, design, development and management of the
water resources schemes. Necessary legal and institutional changes should be made at various levels for the
purpose, duly ensuring appropr iate role for women. Water Users’ Associations and the local bodies such as
municipalities and gram panchayats should particularly be involved in the operation, maintenance and
management of water infrastructures / facilities at appropriate levels progressively, with a view to eventually
transfer the management of such facilities to the user groups / local bodies.
Ministry of Water Resources 6 April 1, 2002
Private Sector Participation
13. Private sector participation should be encouraged in planning, development and management of
water resources projects for diverse uses, wherever feasible. Private sector participation may help in
introducing innovative ideas, generating financial resources and introducing corporate management and
improving service efficiency and accountability to users. Depending upon the specific situations, various
combinations of private sector participation, in building, owning, operating, leasing and transferring of water
resources facilities, may be considered.
Water Quality
14.1 Both surface water and ground water should be regularly monitored for quality. A phased
programme should be undertaken for improvements in water quality.
14.2 Effluents should be treated to acceptable levels and standards before discharging them into natural
streams.
14.3 Minimum flow should be ensured in the perennial streams for maintaining ecology and social
considerations.
14.4 Principle of ‘polluter pays’ should be followed in management of polluted water.
14.5 Necessary legislation is to be made for preservation of existing water bodies by preventing
encroachment and deterioration of water quality.
Water Zoning
15. Economic development and activities including agricultural, industrial and urban development,
should be planned with due regard to the constraints imposed by the configuration of water availability.
There should be a water zoning of the country and the economic activities should be guided and regulated in
accordance with such zoning.
Conservation of Water
16.1 Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be optimised and an awareness of
water as a scarce resource should be fostered. Conservation consciousness should be promoted through
education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.
16.2 The resources should be conserved and the availability augmented by maximising retention,
eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this, measures like selective linings in the conveyance
system, modernisation and rehabilitation of existing systems including tanks, recycling and re-use of treated
effluents and adoption of traditional techniques like mulching or pitcher irrigation and new techniques like
drip and sprinkler may be promoted, wherever feasible.
Flood Control and Management
17.1 There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone basin.
17.2 Adequate flood-cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible, to facilitate
better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control should be given overriding
consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some irrigation or power benefits.
Ministry of Water Resources 7 April 1, 2002
17.3 While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to be necessary,
increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures such as flood forecasting and warning, flood
plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimisation of losses and to reduce the recurring expenditure on
flood relief.
17.4 There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain zones along
with flood proofing, to minimise the loss of life and property on account of floods.
17.5 The flood forecasting activities should be modernised, value added and extended to other uncovered
areas. Inflow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effective regulation.
Land Erosion by Sea or River
18.1 The erosion of land, whether by the sea in coastal areas or by river waters inland, should be
minimised by suitable cost-effective measures. The States and Union Territories should also undertake all
requisite steps to ensure that indiscriminate occupation and exploitation of coastal strips of land are
discouraged and that the location of economic activities in areas adjacent to the sea is regulated.
18.2 Each coastal State should prepare a comprehensive coastal land management plan, keeping in view
the environmental and ecological impacts, and regulate the developmental activities accordingly.
Drought-prone Area Development
19.1 Drought-prone areas should be made less vulnerable to drought-associated problems through soilmoisture
conservation measures, water harvesting practices, minimisation of evaporation losses,
development of the ground water potential including recharging and the transfer of surface water from
surplus areas where feasible and appropriate. Pastures, forestry or other modes of development which are
relatively less water demanding should be encouraged. In planning water resource development projects, the
needs of drought-prone areas should be given priority.
19.2 Relief works undertaken for providing employment to drought-stricken population should preferably
be for drought proofing.
Monitoring of Projects
20.1 A close monitoring of projects to identify bottlenecks and to adopt timely measures to obviate time
and cost overrun should form part of project planning and execution.
20.2 There should be a system to monitor and evaluate the performance and socio-economic impact of
the project.
Water Sharing / Distribution amongst the States
21.1 The water sharing / distribution amongst the states should be guided by a national perspective with
due regard to water resources availability and needs within the river basin. Necessary guidelines, including
for water short states even outside the basin, need to be evolved for facilitating future agreements amongst
the basin states.
21.2 The Inter-State Water Disputes Act of 1956 may be suitably reviewed and amended for timely
adjudication of water disputes referred to the Tribunal.
Ministry of Water Resources 8 April 1, 2002
Performance Improvement
22. There is an urgent need of paradigm shift in the emphasis in the management of water resources
sector. From the present emphasis on the creation and expansion of water resources infrastructures for
diverse uses, there is now a need to give greater emphasis on the improvement of the performance of the
existing water resources facilities. Therefore, allocation of funds under the water resources sector should be
re-prioritised to ensure that the needs for development as well as operation and maintenance of the facilities
are met.
Maintenance and Modernisation
23.1 Structures and systems created through massive investments should be properly maintained in good
health. Appropriate annual provisions should be made for this purpose in the budgets.
23.2 There should be a regular monitoring of structures and systems and necessary rehabilitation and
modernisation programmes should be undertaken.
23.3 Formation of Water Users' Association with authority and responsibility should be encouraged to
facilitate the management including maintenance of irrigation system in a time bound manner.
Safety of Structures
24. There should be proper organisational arrangements at the national and state levels for ensuring the
safety of storage dams and other water-related structures consisting of specialists in investigation, design,
construction, hydrology, geology, etc. A dam safety legislation may be enacted to ensure proper inspection,
maintenance and surveillance of existing dams and also to ensure proper planning, investigation, design and
construction for safety of new dams. The Guidelines on the subject should be periodically updated and
reformulated. There should be a system of continuous surveillance and regular visits by experts.
Science and Technology
25. For effective and economical management of our water resources, the frontiers of knowledge need
to be pushed forward in several directions by intensifying research efforts in various areas, including the
following:
∙ hydrometeorology;
∙ snow and lake hydrology;
∙ surface and ground water hydrology;
∙ river morphology and hydraulics;
∙ assessment of water resources;
∙ water harvesting and ground water recharge;
∙ water quality;
∙ water conservation;
∙ evaporation and seepage losses;
∙ recycling and re-use;
∙ better water management practices and improvements in operational technology;
∙ crops and cropping systems;
∙ soils and material research;
Ministry of Water Resources 9 April 1, 2002
∙ new construction materials and technology (with particular reference to roller compacted
concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, new methodologies in tunneling technologies,
instrumentation, advanced numerical analysis in structures and back analysis);
∙ seismology and seismic design of structures;
∙ the safety and longevity of water-related structures;
∙ economical designs for water resource projects;
∙ risk analysis and disaster management;
∙ use of remote sensing techniques in development and management;
∙ use of static ground water resource as a crisis management measure;
∙ sedimentation of reservoirs;
∙ use of sea water resources;
∙ prevention of salinity ingress;
∙ prevention of water logging and soil salinity;
∙ reclamation of water logged and saline lands;
∙ environmental impact;
∙ regional equity.
Training
26. A perspective plan for standardised training should be an integral part of water resource
development. It should cover trainin g in information systems, sectoral planning, project planning and
formulation, project management, operation of projects and their physical structures and systems and the
management of the water distribution systems. The training should extend to all the categories of personnel
involved in these activities as also the farmers.
Conclusion
27. In view of the vital importance of water for human and animal life, for maintaining ecological
balance and for economic and developmental activities of all kinds, and considering its increasing scarcity,
the planning and management of this resource and its optimal, economical and equitable use has become a
matter of the utmost urgency. Concerns of the community needs to be taken into account for water resources
development and management. The success of the National Water Policy will depend entirely on evolving
and maintaining a national consensus and commitment to its underlying principles and objectives. To
achieve the desired objectives, State Water Policy backed with an operational action plan shall be formulated
in a time bound manner say in two years. National Water Policy may be revised periodically as and when
need arises.
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