Additionally, government should review law protecting the job security of the worker; the employee who is of very good performances for certain numbers should not be sack for lesser offence.
Another reinforcement method the organization can use to motivate worker is by implementing the Skill based pay plans. In United States, Some organizations have experienced difficulty retaining skilled employees because the employees feel that they were not paid according to their skills. Thus to promote the job security of the skilled employees, the salary system of the business organization should be linked to the number or depth of skills an employee acquires. Skill based plan is a way of developing broader and deeper skills between the workforce and the pay increases are usually tied to the types of skills workers acquire. The employees must be rewarded with according to the number of skills the employee acquires. If both the private and public organizations can apply this method in dealing with workers, the workers will be motivated to acquire more skills and thereby improving their job security.
U.S. IMMIGRATION
United States is the most divert nation on earth, and the millions of immigrants that came from all over the world to settle in the country have built the country. No other country has been successful as the United States with the success the immigrants have contributed to the nation. The first influx of immigrants into the United States started in 1905 and 1914 when people from all over the world migrated into the United States by ship. It was in the 20th century that U.S. began to experience a real demographic increase. Annually, over one million immigrants arrived in U.S primarily by ship. Although between 1915 and 1965, there was little influx of people due to the depression of late 1920s and 1930s and the introduction of various forms of legislations discouraged people to immigrate to the United States. Thus, in the present decade, since 1962, the number of influx into the United States remains the same, but they now arrive by sea, ship, land and air. Estimated data revealed by U.S.Census Bureau indicated that there were 33.5 million foreign born in the United States in 2003 representing 11.7 percent of the U.S population.(Luke) United States laws on immigration permit prospective immigrants to enter into United States through various forms. The Employment based immigration allows aliens with extraordinary abilities such as researchers or Professors to immigrate into the United States. This type of immigration also allows people with advanced university degree or people with exceptional abilities in science, business. Under this type of immigration, the professionals in certain profession or religious leaders or those that wish to invest in the United States. Other form of immigration into the United States is Family-based immigration. This is the type of immigration law that allows foreigners to immigrate into the United States based on their relationship with U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident. The sons or daughters, relatives or spouses of U.S citizens or legal permanent resident can benefits from this type of immigration. In a few decades, U.S introduced the other form immigration called Diversity Visa Program. The DV program makes 55,000 immigrant visas available through a lottery to people who come from countries with low rates of immigration to the United States. The person that receives a visa through the DV Program will be allowed to live and work permanently in the United States. They will also be allowed to bring their spouse and any unmarried children under the age of 21 to the United States.
STATUS OF U.S. IMMIGRATION, The influx of immigrants into the United States has enriched the socio-economic status of the country. The foreign borns who immigrated into the Unites States have enriched the country in various ways. One quarter of adult immigrants, which arrived in the United States before 1980 now in the high positions? Most of them now held managerial and professional jobs. Additionally, immigration into the United State has also enriched the country culturally. Many foreign cultures have entered into the country. Many languages are being spoken in American streets. More so, immigrants have enriched American with introduction of foreign foods, there are now many foreign restaurants in all the cities of United States. There are also foreign arts and dances have successfully stayed in U.S. Thus, 40 percent of the immigrants that entered into United States in 1990 have already earned American citizenship or permanent residence status. With their new status, they can participate in American politics, many foreign born Americans have now successfully secured political posts in American congress.
FORCASTED TREND IN U.S. IMMIGRATION
The immigration to U.S. will be increasing. The record shows that U.S. GDP is one of the highest in the world and its economic prosperity, its higher standard of living and the position of its GDP will continue to attract the investors and prospective migrants all over the world.
IMMIGRATION IN JAPAN
After 1910, Japan was liberated from Korean colonization, there was rapid flow migration between Japan and the Korean peninsula and there was not much of immigration into Japan between 1910 to 1970s.The devastated effect of Second World War made Japan to be isolated from the rest of world from 1945 until 1970. Although there was shortage of labor in the Japanese economy in the 1960s, both the Japanese government and major corporations prefer only to depend on to local labor. The growing status of Japan in the world economy, the rise in the power of Yen and labor shortage led to the influx of immigrants from all over the world into Japan. Thus, in 1990, due to the rapid growth of Japanese GDP, the numbers immigrant workers that entered into Japan grew rapidly from 100,000 in 1990 to 300,000 in 1993 and reached approximately 207,000 in 2005.(Aruduo)
CURRENT STATUS JAPANESE IMMIGRATION The rapid growth of Japanese and increase in country GDP has led the country to receive newcomers from all over the world yearly. The official figures released by Justice Ministry revealed that as of the end of 2004, there were 1.97 million foreign nationals that registered in Japan which account for about 1.6 percent of the total population (127.69 million). Moreover, the numbers of foreign nationals that enter Japan keep increasing yearly. In 1990, the total number of entrants was 3.5 million and increased to 5.27 million in 2000. By 2005, the number had grown to 7.45 million. Additional the government policies towards immigration have also changed in recent years. Apart from visitors that enter into Japan for short stay, the government also open different immigration policies in which intending immigrants can enter Japan, people can now enter Japan in various ways, some of them are work and long-term visa that is meant for people that Intend to work in Japan. Other forms immigration are for the people that intend to invest in Japan, or do Legal/Accounting Services or the Medical practitioners, Researchers, Instructors, Engineer, Specialists. Others are those that intend to do Humanities or International Services, Intracompany Transferee or Entertainer, Skilled Labor, College Student and Trainees. Meanwhile, the various government immigration policies make the intending immigrants to keep increasing.
FORECASTED TREND ON JAPANESE IMMIGRATION.
The Japanese Immigration is already happening and it will not stop. With the state of the Japanese economy as the second best in the world, the country is in need of foreign labor to continue improving the state of the economy. The official information from Japan's Ministry of Health in 2006 reveals that Japanese population is in decline. The death rate outnumbered births by 10,000 in 2005. Moreover, the figure revealed in 2006 projected the country population to dwindle from 127.4 million to 100.7 million by 2050. This means that about 50,000 immigrants will be needed per year to reinforce the population.(Arudou)
THE EFFECT OF JAPANESE IMMIGRATION ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS The success of any organization depends on the quality of manpower that is running the
Organization. The Japanese policies on immigration in recent years have been conducive for the skilled and unskilled workers around the world. The effects of different professionals that immigrated to Japan have led to the Japanese organizational success. The Japanese economy has become the second largest in the world and its open door policy has made its economy to be highly efficient and competitive in areas linked to international trade. Japan's long-term economic prospects are due to its reservoir of industrial leadership and technicians, well-educated and industrious work force that has tremendously contributed to country economic success.
SPAIN VERSUS EU IMMIGRATION.
In Spain, the general African economic problem led the illegal immigrants from African countries to swarm into the Spanish shore. Formerly, especially in 1950s, Spain was among the poorest country in Europe but since it joined European Union in 1980s, Spain has become the 14th country with the best economy. Its economic success and geographical closeness to Africa has made it a prime destination for poor immigrants. (Daphne)
The European migration history was due to war, persecution and the search of a better life. The main source of migration was to remedy economic problems in Europe .In 1970s, there was serious economic problems in Europe, and the problems made the European governments to tighten their immigrations policies. All these problems among European countries led to the creation of European migration policies. During the oil crises of 1973, the immigration issues had been handled were on national level. The Maastrict Treaty of 1992 was to control European migration flows. Thus, European migration history has moved away from economics and migration issues to become politicized. Additionally, with anti-discrimination laws enacted by EU, the Europe was more appealing to foreigners
CURRENT EU –SPANISH IMMIGRATION STATUS
The migrants in Spain have been finding it tough, they are always been detained by authorities. Spanish migrant workers from Africa and Latin America work up to 14 hours a day for as little as $1.50.. The major works they do are to harvest s trawberries, garlic and tomatoes across the country. They also work in the cities in construction firms, or as a domestic worker or as a prostitute. However, in 2005, Spain introduced new policies to lessen the sufferings of immigrants by giving general amnesty for illegal immigrants. More so, in 2006, Spain announced that all EU nationals are allowed to work in Spain without work permit. Spain has also gone further by starting issuing the non-EU professionals in Europe or abroad the work permits to come to Spain to work
The present status of EU shows that Europe has now become an immigration continent and this has led to inflow highly skilled and non-skilled migrants from all over the world. To attract more highly skilled migrants, the EU on 23 October 2007 proposed the creation of EU Blue Card that aims to attract the admission highly qualified workers. The procedure is to offer special residence and work permit, called the “EU Blue Card”, for highly skilled workers that intend to immigrate to Europe.
EU.-SPANISH IMMIGRATION FORCASTED TREND
Since Spain has joined EU, it has become 14th country with the best economy. Thus because of its economic prosperous, the country will need both skilled and non-skilled migrants to develop the country. The country has now realised the importance of allowing the immigrants into the country and this has led the authority to soften the immigration laws. Although, the Spanish government is still tough to illegal migrants especially migrants from Morocco shore to the territory of Spain, nevertheless there is still changes in country policies toward immigration. EU prosperous economy and falling population growth have made EU to realise Europe needs immigrants all over the world to bridge the gap of falling population. The population projection carried out revealed that the death rate outnumbers birth rate in Europe. Thus to bridge the gap, Europe will continue to demand for both skilled and unskilled workers to boost the working population and boost the declining population growth
EFFECT OF EU-SPANISH IMMIGRATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS.
The EU and Spanish have now realised that success of their countries business organizations depend on the quality of work force that is running country’s private and public organizations. The policies both have adopted to attract the skilled immigrants have helped the Spain and EU to be among the most successful countries in the world.
MANAGERIAL RECOMMENDATION
In this modern world before any country can develop, it has to recognise the people running the organizations of the country. Meanwhile, in the present globalization, the success of any country is the quality of immigrants in the country. Today one of the reasons that make America to be great today is because of the immigrants in the country. Thus, it is recommended for U.S., Japanese, Spain and EU to apply the reinforcement theory in their immigration process .From the definition reinforcement theory; it is revealed that the process shapes behaviour. Thus, the government should apply Employee Recognition Programs in dealing with immigrants workers in the country. There law dealing with employment should be revised to favor the immigrants that come to work in these countries. The workers that left his country to settle in another country need to be praised and be recognised by the host country. The immigrants that come to work in another country should be given free accommodation for at least a year to adapt to the situation of the country.
Another recommendation is that there should be a program to reinforce the skill immigrants in the country by applying the special Skill-Based Pay Plans for the skilled immigrants. The immigrants must pay according to their skills. The citizens who have the same skill with the immigrants that have not yet acquire citizenship should be paid equally and there should be no discrimination to induce other skills immigrants all over the world to immigrate in to the country.
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New York: M.E Sharp, 1997
Abraham Katharine.G, Susan Houseman. Job Security in American Lessons From German.
Washington Brookings Institution Press.1993
Alan. et la Labour Relations in a Changing Enviroment.. New york.
Walter de Gruyter 1992
McNamara Carta. Introduction to U.S.Business Organization (for-profit and non profit) 2007.
02 April 2008
Spain Daphne. THE DEBATE IN THE UNITED STATES OVRT IMMIGRATION.June
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Luke J.Larsen.The Foreign-Born Population in the United States:2003.August 2004. 03 April
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Arudou Debito: The Coming Internationalization: Can Japan assimilate its immigrants?.
January 12,2006. April 03,2008
< http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=38079>
