Technological:
Technology affects the HR function by the following ways
- With the advent of technology, jobs tend to become more intellectual or upgraded.
- The employees who pick up and acquaint themselves with new technology, the job will be challenging and rewarding.
- Technology lays down the requirements for much of the human interaction in organizations.
- Job holders will become highly professionalized and knowledgeable.
Cultural:
Culture creates the type of people who become members of an organization.
- Culture trains people along particular lines, tending to put a personality stamp upon them.
- The attitude of workers towards work is the result of their cultural background.
- Time dimension, which influences HRM, has its roots in culture.
Internal Forces
Prominent internal forces are unions, organizational culture and conflicts, and professional bodies.
Unions:
A trade union may be understood as an association of workers or management formed to protect their own individual interests. The role of a union is too well-known, not needing and elaboration here. All HR activities- recruitment, selection, training, compensation, IR and separation- are carried out in consultation with union leaders. The role of unions becomes pronounced when a new wage agreement needs to be signed.
Organizational culture and conflict:
Organizational culture is the product of all the organization’s features-its people, its successes, and its failures. Organizational culture reflects the past and shapes the future. It is the job of HR specialists t o adjust proactively to the culture of the organization. For example, objectives can be achieved in several acceptable ways. This idea, called equifinality, means there are usually multiple paths to objectives. The key to success is picking the path that best fits the organization’s culture.
Professional Bodies:
Professional Bodies arrange periodic training pogrammes, seminars and conferences for the benefit of HR professional.
HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING
Human Resource Planning is essentially the process of getting the right number of qualified people into the right job at the right time. It is a system of matching the supply of people with openings the organization expects over a given time frame.
Importance
- future personnel needs
- coping with change
- creating highly talented personnel
- protection of weaker section
- international strategies
- foundations of personal functions
- increasing investment in human resources
- resistance to change and move
- more time is provided to locate talent
HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING PROCESS
HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM:
A human resources information system is a systematic procedure for collecting, storing, maintaining, retrieving and validating data needed by an organization about its human resources. The HRIS is usually a part of the organization’s MIS.
- HRIS is a database system that keeps important information about employees in a central and accessible location.
- HRIS provide quick and responsive reports.
- With readily available, organizations are in better position to quickly move forward in achieving their organizational goals.
Uses of HRIS
- Organization Charts
- Staffing Projections
- Skills Inventories
- Turnover Analysis
- Restructuring Costing
- Affirmative Action Plan
- Applicant Tracking
- Availability Analysis
- Workforce Utilization
- Recruiting Sources
- Job Offer Refusal Analysis
- Employee Training Profile
- Training Needs Assessments
- Career Interests and Experience
- Compensation and Benefits
- Pay Structure
- Wage/Salary Costing
- Flexible Benefit Administration
- Vacation Usage
- Health, Security, and safety
- Safety Training
- Accident Records
- Material Data Records
- Employee and Labor Relations
- Union Negotiation Costing
- Auditing Records
- Attitude Survey Results
- Exit Interview Analysis
- Employee Work History
Replacement Charts: HRM organizational charts indicating positions that may become vacant in the near future and the individuals who may fill the vacancy.
JOB ANALYSIS
Job analysis is a systematic exploration of the activities surrounding and within a job. It defines the job’s duties, responsibilities, and accountabilities.
Process of Job analysis
Purpose of Job analysis:
Job-related data obtained form a job analysis programmed are useful in HRP, employee hiring training, job evaluation, compensation, performance appraisal, computerized personnel information systems , and safety and health.
Methods of collecting data
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Observation Method: A job analysis technique in which data are gathered by watching employees work.
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Individual Interview Method: Meeting with an employee to determine what his or her hob entails.
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Group Interview Method: Meeting with a number of employees to collectively determine what their jobs entail.
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Structured Questionnaire Method: A specifically designed questionnaire on which employee’s rate tasks they perform on their jobs.
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Technical Conference Method: A job analysis technique that involves extensive input forms the employee’s supervisor.
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Dairy Methods: A job analysis method requiring job incumbents to record their daily activities.
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Position Analysis Questionnaire: A job technique that rates jobs in 194 elements in six activity categories.
Technique of job design
Job Rotation: Job Rotation is a movement of employee from job to job. In job rotation employee perform different jobs, but, more or less, jobs of the same nature.
Job Enlargement: The combining of various operations at a similar level in to one job to provide more variety for workers and thus increase their motivation and satisfaction represents an increase in job scope
Job Enrichment: The combining of several activities from a vertical cross section of the organization in to one job to provide the worker with more autonomy and responsibility; represent an increase in job depth.
Autonomous Teams: A self directed work team is an intact group of employee who are responsible for a “whole” work process or segment that delivers a product or service to an internal or external customer.
High Performance Work Design: It is a means of improving performance in an environment where positive and demanding goals are set. It starts from principles of autonomous group working and develops an approach which enables groups to work effectively together in situation where the rate of innovation is high. Operation flexibilities are important and there is, therefore, the need for employee’s to gain and apply new skills quickly with minimum supervision.
Work Simplification: “A job is broken down in to small sub parts and each part, is assigned to one individual” is called work simplification.
RECRUITMENT
Recruitment is a ‘linking function’-joining together those with jobs to fill and those seeking jobs. It is a ‘joining process’ in that it tries to bring together job seekers and employer with a view to encourage the former to apply for a job with the latter.
Purpose:
- Determine the present and future requirements of the organization in conjunction with its personal planning and organization goal.
- Increase the pool of job candidate at minimum cost.
- Help increase the success rate of selection process by reducing the number of visibly under qualified or qualified job applicants.
- Reduce the probability that job applicant, ones recruited and selected, will leave the organization only after short period of time.
- Meet the organizati8ons legal and social responsibilities.
- Identifying and preparing potential job applicants who will be appropriate candidates.
- Increase organizational and individual effectiveness in the short term and long term.
- Evaluate effectiveness of various recruiting techniques and sources for all types of job applicants.
Recruiting Sources:
Recruiting Sources may be broadly divided in to two categories: internal sources and external sources.
Internal Source:
Internal search:
A transfer is a lateral movement within the same grade, form one job to another. It may lead to changes in duties and responsibilities, working condition, etc. Promotion on the other hand, involves movement of employee from a lower level position to a higher level position accompanied by changes in duties, responsibilities, status and value.
It is another way of hiring people from within. In which the organization publicizes job openings on bulletin boards, electronic media and similar outlets. This method offers a chance to highly qualified applicants working within the company to look for growth opportunities within the company.
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Employee Recommendations:
It is a recommendation from current employee regarding a job applicant. The logic behind this is that “it takes one to know one”. Employees working in the organization, in this case, are encouraged to recommend the names of their friends working in other organizations for a possible vacancy in the near future.
External Sources:
It is a direct method of recruiting by visiting and participating in college campuses and their placement centers. Here the recruiters visit reputed educational institutions, colleges and universities with a view to pick up job aspirants having requisite technical professional skills. Advantages of this method are the placement center helps locate applicants and provides resumes to organizations; applicants can be prescreened. On the negative front, campus recruiting means hiring people with little or no work experience. The organizations will have to offer some kind of training to the applicants.
It is an indirect method of recruiting. These include advertisements in newspapers, trade, professional and technical journals; radio and television; etc. This method is appropriate when the organization intends to reach a large target group and the organization wants a fairly good number of talented people-who are geographically spread out.
As a statutory requirement, companies are also expected to notify their vacancies through the respective Employment exchanges, created all over India for helping unemployed youth, displaced persons, ex-military personnel, physically handicapped, etc. As per the Act all employers are supposed to notify the vacancies arising in their establishments form time to time.
- Private employment search firms
A search firm is a private employment agency that maintains computerized lists of qualified applicants and supplies these to employers willing to hire people form the list for a fee.
These are the private employment agencies that specializing in middle and top level placement, as well as hard-to-fill positions such as actuaries or IT specialists. The potential employer may be willing to pay a very high fee to locate exactly the right individual to fill the vacancy.
Companies generally receive unsolicited applications for job seekers at various points of time. The number of such applications depends on economic conditions, the image of the company and the job seeker’s perception of the types of jobs that might be available, etc. Such applications are generally kept in a data bank and whenever a suitable vacancy arises, the company would intimate the candidate to apply through a formal channel.
In this method the recruiting is done by internet here the Web pages are used as resumes. The organization put their requirement on their web site. They also put the details of the work, qualification, etc.
Some aggressive job candidates are also using the internet. They set up their own web pages to “sell” their job candidacy. This method provides a low-cost means for most businesses to gain unprecedented access to potential employees worldwide.
Recruitment Alternatives:
Since recruitment and selection costs are high firms these days are trying to look at alternatives to recruitment. These are
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Overtime: Short term fluctuations in work volume could best be solved through overtime. The employer benefits because he costs of recruitment and training could be avoided.
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Subcontracting: To meet a sudden increase in demand for its products and services instead of hiring a new staff the firm can meet increased demand by allowing an outside specialist agency to undertake part of the work to mutual advantage.
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Temporary employees: These are particularly useful in meeting short term human resource needs. In this case the firm can avoid the expenses of recruitment and the painful effects of absenteeism, labor turnover, etc. It can also avoid fringe benefits associated with regular employment.
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Employee leasing: Hiring permanent employees of another company who possess certain specialized skills on lease bases to meet short-term requirements is another recruiting practice followed by firms in developed countries.
Factor affecting recruiting:
- Image of the organization
- Attractiveness of the job
- Internal organization policies
- Government policies
- Recruiting cost
SELECTION
SELECTION
Process:
PLACEMENT:
- It is understood as the allocation of people to jobs.
- It is the assignment or re-assignment of an employee to a new or different job.
- It includes initial assignment of new employees and promotion, transfer, or demotion of present employees
Assessment-classification model and employee placement
Collect details about the employee
Construct his or her profile
Which subgroup profile does the individual’s profile best fit?
Compare subgroup profile to hob family profiles
Which job family profile does subgroup profile best fit?
Assign the individual to job family
Assign the individual to specific job after further counseling and assessment
TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT
Training: A process whereby people acquire capabilities to aid in the achievement of organizational goals.
Importance:
How Training Benefits the organization
- Leads to improved profitability and / or more positive attitudes towards profit orientation.
- Improve the job knowledge and skills at all levels of organization.
- Improve the morale of the work force.
- Helps people identify with organizational goals.
- Helps create a better corporate image.
- Foster authenticity openness and trust.
- Improve relationship between boss and subordinate.
- Aids in organizational development.
- Helps prepare guidelines for work.
- Learn from trainee.
- Aids in understanding and carrying out organizational policies.
- Provides information for future needs in all areas of the organization.
- Organization gets more effective decision-making and problem-solving skill.
- Aids in development for promotion from within.
- Aids in developing leadership skill, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes and other aspect that successful workers and manager usually display.
- Aids in increase in productivities and/or quality of work.
- Helps keeps cost down in many areas, e.g. production, personnel, administration, etc.
- Developed a sense of responsibilities to the organization for being competent and knowledgeable.
- Improves labor-management relation.
- Reduce out side consulting cost by utilizing competent internal consultation.
- Simulate preventive management as oppose to putting out fire.
- Eliminate sub optimal behavior (such as hiding tools).
- Creates and appropriate climate for growth, communication.
- Aids in improving organizational communication.
- Helps employees adjust to change.
- Aids in handling conflict, thereby helping to prevent stress and tension.
Benefits to the individual
- In making better decision and effective problems solving.
- At in encouraging and achieving and self development and self confidence.
- Helps a person handle stress, tension, frustration and conflict.
- Increase job satisfaction and recognition.
- Helps a person develop speaking and listening skills.
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Helps eliminate fear in attempting new tasks.
Benefit in personnel and human relation
- Improve communication between groups and individual.
- Provide information in other government laws and administrative policies.
- Improve interpersonal skills.
- Improve morale.
- Builds cohesiveness in groups.
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Makes the organization a batter to work and live.
Training Process:
Methods of Training:
On-the-Job Training:
- Places the employees in actual work situation and make them appear to be immediately productive.
- It is learning by doing.
Types of the On-the-Job Training
- Apprenticeship Programs: put the trainee under the guidance of a master worker
- Training: A systematic approach to on-the-job training consisting of four basic steps.
- prepare the trainee by telling them about the job and overcoming their uncertainties;
- Presenting the instruction, giving essential information in a clear manner;
- Trainee try out the job to demonstrate their understanding;
- Placing the workers in the job, on their own;
Stages for On–the-Job Training
Off-the-Job Training
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Classroom lectures: Lecture designed to communicate specific interpersonal, technical, or problem-solving skills.
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Videos and Films: Using various media productions t demonstrate specialized skills that are not easily presented by other training methods.
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Simulation Exercise: Training that occurs by actually performing the work. This may include case analysis, experiential exercises, role playing or group decision making.
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Computer-Based Training: Simulating the work environment by programming a computer to imitate some of the realities of the job.
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Vestibule Training: Training on actual equipment used on the job but conducted away from the actual setting – a simulated work station.
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Programmed instruction: Condensing training materials into highly organized, logical sequences may include computer tutorials, interactive video disks, or virtual reality simulation.
EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT
Effort to improve employees’ ability to handle a variety of assignment.
Methods of employee development
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Job Rotation: Job rotation involves moving employees to various positions in the organization in an effort to expand their skills, knowledge, and abilities.
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Assistant-To Position: Employees with demonstrated potential are some times given the opportunity to work under seasoned and successful manager, often in different areas of the organization. Here individuals perform many duties under the watchful eye of a supportive coach.
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Committee Assignment: It provides an opportunity for the employee to share in decision making, to learn by watching others, and to investigate specific organizational problems.
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Lecture, coerces and seminar: It provides an opportunity for individual to acquire knowledge and develop their conceptual and analytical abilities. For many organizations, they were offered in-house by the organization itself, through outside vendors, or both.
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Simulation: Any artificial environment that attempts to closely mirror an actual condition.
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Outdoor Training: The primary focus of such training is to teach trainees the importance of working together of gelling as a team. Out door training typically involve some major emotional and physical challenge. The purpose of such training is to see how employees react to the difficulties that nature presents to them. Do they face these dangers alone?
Management Development:
Management development is a systematic process of growth and development by which the managers develop their abilities to manage.
It is concerned with improving the performance of the managers by giving them opportunities for growth and development.
Objectives of Management Development Programmes:
- To overhaul the management machinery.
- To improve the performance of the managers.
- To identifies the persons with the required potential and prepare them for more senior positions.
- To increase the morale of the members of the management group.
- To increase the versatility of the management group.
- To stimulate creative thinking.
- To improve the thought processes and analytical abilities.
- To understand economic, social, technical and the conceptual issues.
- To understand the problems of human relation skills.
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
It is method of evaluating the behavior of employees in the work spot, normally including both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of job performance. It is a systematic and objective way of evaluating both work-related behavior and potential of employees. It is a process that involves determining and communicating to an employee how he or she is performing the job and ideally, establishing a plan of improvement.
Features:
- The appraisal is a systematic process. It tries to evaluate performance in the same manner using the same approach. A number of steps are followed to evaluate and employee’s strength and weaknesses.
- It provides an objective description of an employee’s job’s relevant strengths and weaknesses.
- It tries to find out how well the employee is performing the job and tries to establish a plan for further improvement.
- The appraisal is carried out periodically, according to a definite plan. It is certainly not a one-shot deal.
OBJECTIVE:
- To effect promotion based on competence and performance.
- To confirm the services of probationary employee upon their completing the probationary period satisfactorily.
- To assess the training and development needs.
- To decide upon a pay raise where regular pay scales have not been fixed.
- To let the employee know where they stands in their performance.
- To improve communication between employees and employer.
- Performance Appraisal can be used to determine whether HR program such as selection, training and transfer have been effective or not.
Who will Appraise?
The appraiser may be any person who has thorough knowledge about the job content, contents to be appraised, standards of contents and who observes the employee while performing a job. Typical appraisers are: supervisors, peers, subordinates, employees themselves and users of services and consultants.
PROCESS
Yearly Performance Review
APPRAISAL METHODS:
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The Essay Appraisal: A performance appraisal method where by an appraiser writes a narrative about the employee.
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Critical Incident Appraisal: A performance appraisal method that focuses on the key behaviors that make the difference between doing a job effectively and ineffectively.
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Check List Appraisal: A performance appraisal method in which a rater checks of those attributes of an employee that apply.
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Adjective Rating Scale Appraisal: A performance appraisal method that lists a number of traits and a range of performance for each.
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Force Choice Appraisal: A performance appraisal method in which the rater must choose between two specific statements about an employee’s work behavior.
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Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale: A performance appraisal method that generate critical incidence in develops behavioral dimension of performance. The evaluator appraises behaviors rather than their traits.
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360 Degree Appraisal: A performance appraisal method in which supervisors, peers, employees, customers and the like evaluate the individual.
INCENTIVE PAYMENT:
Individual Incentive:
- Merit Pay: An increase in one’s pay usually given on annual basis.
- Piecework Plan: A compensation plan where by employees are typically paid for the number of units they actually produce.
Group Incentive:
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Plant Wide Incentive: An incentive system that rewards all members of the plant based on how well the entire group performed.
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Scanlon Plan: An organization wide incentive program focusing on co-operation between manager and employee through sharing problems, goals and ideas.
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Improshare: A special type of incentive plan using a specific mathematic formula for determining employee bonus.
Pay for Performance: Rewarding employees based on their performance.
- Competency Based Compensation Program: Organizational pay system that reward skill, knowledge and behavior.
- Broad Banding: Pay employees at present levels based on level of competencies they processes.
Team Based Compensation: Compensation based on how well the team performed.
Fringe Benefit:
The term fringe benefits refer to the extra benefits provided to employees in addition to the normal compensation paid in the form of wage or salary.
The main features of fringe benefits, as they stand today, may be stated thus:
- They are supplementary forms of compensation.
- They are paid to all employees based on their membership in the organization.
- They are indirect compensation because they are usually extended as a condition of employment and are not directly related to performance.
- They help raise the living conditions of employees.
- They may be statutory or voluntary. Provident find is a statutory benefits where as transport is a voluptuary benefit.
Objectives of Fringe Benefits:
- To create and improve sound industrial relations.
- To motivate the employees by identifying and satisfying their unsatisfied needs.
- To provide security to the employees against social risks like old age benefits and maternity benefits.
- To protect the health of the employees and to provide safety to the employees against accidents.
- To promote employees’ welfare.
- To create a sense of belongingness among employees and to retain them. Hence fringe benefits are called golden handcuffs.
- To meet the requirement of various legislations relating to fringe benefits.
EMPLOYEE WELFARE
Employee Welfare is a comprehensive term including various services, benefits and facilities offered to employees by the employers. The welfare amenities are extended in addition to normal wages and other economic rewards available to employees as per the legal provisions. According to Dr Parandikar, “Employee welfare work is work for improving the health, safety and general well being and the industrial efficiency of the workers beyond the minimum standard lay down by labor legislation”.
Importance:
Employee Welfare serves the following purposes:
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Enable workers to have a richer and more satisfactory life
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Raises the standard of living of the workers by indirectly reducing the burden on their pocket. Welfare measures will improve the physical and psychological health of employees, which in turn, will enhance their efficiency and productivity.
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Absorbs the shocks injected by industrialization and urbanization on workers.
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Promotes a sense of belonging among workers, preventing them form resorting to unhealthy practices like absenteeism, labor turnover, strike, etc.
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Prevents social evils like drinking, gambling, prostitution, etc., by improving the material, social and cultural conditions of work. Congenial environment as a result of welfare measures will act as a deterrent against such social evils.
TYPES:
- Welfare measures inside the workplace.
- Condition of the work environment.
- Conveniences
- Workers’ health services.
- Women and child welfare.
- Workers’ recreation.
- Employment follow-up.
- Economic services.
- Labor-management participation.
- Workers’ education.
- Welfare measures outside the workplace.
- Housing Facilities.
- Water, sanitation, waste disposal.
- Roads, lighting, parks, recreation, playgrounds.
- Education Facilities.
- Markets co-operatives, consumer and credit society.
- Bank.
- Transport.
- Communication facilities.
- Health and medical services.
- Recreation. Etc.
- Watch and ward; security.
- Community leadership development.
MOTIVATION
Motivation is the work a manager performs to inspire and encourage people to take required action. According to Scott,” motivation is a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals”.
IMPORTANCE
- Motivated employees are always looking for better ways to do a job.
- A motivated employee, generally, is more quality oriented.
- Highly motivated workers are more productive than apathetic workers.
- Motivated employees are stable.
DETERMINANTS OF MOTIVATION
Three types of forces generally influence human behavior
- Force operating within the individual: Each person is different and a variety of items may prove to be motivating, depending upon the needs of the individual, the situation the individual is in and what rewards the individual expects for the work done. It is the duty of the manager to match individual needs and expectations to the type of rewards available in the job setting.
- Force operating within the organization: Climate plays an important part in determining worker’s motivation. The climate in an organization is determined by a number of variables such as its leadership style, autonomy enjoyed by members, growth prospects, emotional support form members, reward structure, etc.
- Force operating in the environment: Culture, norms, customs, images and attributes accorded by society to particular jobs, professions and occupations and the worker’s home life-all play a strong motivational role. An individual may prefer to do the job of an officer rather than serve as a college teacher. In other word factors such as social status and social acceptance play an important role in shaping the motivations of people.
MOTIVATION PROCESS
MOTIVATION THEORIES:
- Early Theories
- Scientific Management
- Human Relation Model
- Contemporary Theories
- Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory
- Alderfer’s ERG Theory
- McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
- Herberg's two-factor theory
- McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory
- Vroom’s Expectancy Model
- Adam’s Equity Theory
- Porter and Lawler’s Performance Satisfaction Theory
Maslow's Need Hierarchy
(1) A hierarchy of five basic needs
- Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs
- Safety needs: security and protection from physical and emotional harm
- Social needs: affection, belongingness, love, acceptance, and friendship.
- Esteem needs: internal esteem (self-respect, autonomy, achievement), and external esteem (status, recognition, attention, power, and face)
- Needs for self-actualization: the drive to best realize one's potential, including potential in personal growth, achievements, and self-fulfillment.
Low-order needs: physiological and safety needs, they are satisfied externally (payment, unions)
High-order needs: social, esteem, and self-actualization needs, they are satisfied internally.
(2) Basic assumptions:
- A substantially satisfied need no longer motivates
- It is the lowest level of ungratified need in the hierarchy that motivates behavior
- As a lower level of need is met, a person moves up to the next level of needs as a source of motivation
(3) The socio-cultural construction of need hierarchy
Alderfer's ERG theory
(1). Three groups of core needs
- Existence needs: physiological and safety needs
- Relatedness needs: the desire foe maintaining important interpersonal relationships: social needs, and the external components of the esteem needs
- Growth needs: an intrinsic desire for personal development: the intrinsic component of esteem, and self-actualization
(2). Basic assumptions:
- Satisfied low-order needs lead to the desire to satisfy higher-order needs.
- Multiple needs can be operating as motivators at the same time.
- Frustration in attempting to satisfy a higher-level need can result in regression to a lower need.
McGregor's theory X and theory Y
Theory X: the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and much be coerceded to perform.
Theory Y: the assumptions that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibilities, and can excise self-direction.
- Theory X: assumes that lower-order needs motivate individual behavior.
- Theory Y: assumes that higher-order needs motivate individual behavior.
Herberg's two-factor theory
(1). Contrasting views of satisfaction and dissatisfaction
Satisfaction ← ➔ Dissatisfaction
Satisfaction ← ➔ No satisfaction
No dissatisfaction ← ➔ Dissatisfaction
(2). Two factors
- Motivation factors: the factors that lead to job satisfaction. They are mostly intrinsic factors such as achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth
- Hygiene factors: the factors that lead to the prevention of dissatisfaction. They are mostly extrinsic factors such as compony policy and administration, supervision, work condition, and salary.
Management implications: job enlargement & enrichment, empowerment, and participative management
Criticism:
- Job satisfaction does not necessarily lead to high motivation
- Attribute theory as an explanation
McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory
- Need for achievement: the drive to excel, to set a higher goal, to seek higher responsibility, and to strive to succeed.
The characteristics of a higher achiever:
- Seek personal responsibility
- Seek feedback on their performance
- Seek moderate risks and goals
- Need for power: the desire to have impact on, to influence and control the behavior of others.
- Socialized power: used for social benefits
- Personalized power: used for personal gain
- Need for affiliation: the desire to be liked and accepted by others.
INDUSTRIAL RELATION
- Industrial Relations are the relations mainly between employees and employer.
- Industrial Relations are the outcome of the practice of human resource management and employment.
- These relations emphasis on accommodation other party’s interest, values and needs. Parties develop skills of adjusting to and cooperating with each other.
- Industrial Relations are governed by the system o rules and regulations concerning work, work place and working community.
- The main purpose is to maintain harmonious relations between employees and employer by solving their problems through grievance procedure and collective bargaining.
- The government influences and shapes industrial relations through industrial relations policies, rules, agreements, mediation, awards, acts etc.
- Trade Unions are another important institution in the Industrial relations. Trade unions influence and shape the industrial relations thorough collective bargaining.
OBJECTIVE OF IR
- To promote and develop congenial labor management relations;
- To enhance the economic status of the worker by improving wages, benefits and by helping the worker in evolving sound budget;
- To regulate the production by minimizing industrial conflicts through state control;
- To socialize industries by making the government as an employer;
- To provide an opportunity to the workers to have a say in the management and decision making;
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To improve workers’ strength with a view to solve their problems through mutual negotiation and consultation with the management;
- To encourage and develop trade unions in order to improve the workers’ strength;
- To avoid industrial conflict and their consequences; and
- To extend and maintain industrial democracy.
Functions of Industrial Relation
- Communication is to be established between workers and the management in order to bridge the traditional gulf between the two.
- To establish a rapport between managers and the managed.
- To ensure creative contribution of trade unions to avoid industrial conflicts, to safeguard the interests of workers on the one hand and the management on the other hand, to avoid unhealthy, unethical atmosphere in an industry.
- To lay down such Consideration which may promote understanding, creativity and cooperavt9veness t o raise industrial productivity, to ensure better workers’ participation.
Characteristics of Industrial Relation
- Industrial relations are outcome of employment relationship in an industrial enterprise.
- Industrial relations develop the skills and methods of adjusting to and cooperating with each other.
- Industrial relations system creates complex rules and regulations to maintain harmonious relations.
- The Government involves shaping the industrial relations through laws, rules, agreements, awards etc.
- The important factors of industrial relations are; employees and their organizations, employer and their associations and Government.
PRINCIPLES OF SOUND IR
- Recognition of the dignity of the individual and equality of opportunity.
- Mutual respect, confidence, understanding, goodwill and acceptance of responsibility on the part of employer, management and workers and their representatives in the exercises of the rights and duties in the operation of the industry.
- Similarity, there has to be an understanding between the various organizations of employers and employees who represent the management and workers.
SCOPE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
- Relation ship among employees, between employees and their superiors or managers.
- Collective relations between trade unions and management. It is called union management relations.
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Collective relations among trade unions, employers’ associations and government.
FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
- Institutional Factors: These factors include government policy, labor legislations, voluntary courts, collective agreement, employee courts, employers’ federations, social institutions like community, caste joint family, creed, system of beliefs, attitudes of works, system of power status etc.
- Economic Factors: These factors include economic organization, like capitalists, communist mixed etc., the structure of labor force demand for and supply of labor force etc.
- Technological Factors: These factors include mechanization, automation, rationalization, computerization etc.
- Social and Cultural Factors: These factors include population, religion, customs and traditions of people, race ethnic groups, cultures of various groups of people etc.
- Political Factors: These factors include political system in the country, political parties and their ideologies, their growth, mode of achievement of their policies, involvement in trade unions etc.
- Governmental Factors: These factors include Governmental policies like industrial policy, economic policy, labor policy, export policy etc.
FUNCTIONS OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS STAFF
- Administration, including overall organization and coordination of industrial relation policies and programs.
- Liaison between outside groups and personnel offices as well as with various levels of management.
- Legal, including drafting regulations, rules, law or orders, and construction and interpretation.
- Recruitment and employment of employees.
- Employment testing, including intelligence tests, mechanical aptitude tests, achievements tests, etc.
- Placement, including induction and assignment.
- Training, including apprentices, production workers, foremen and executives.
- Performance report or merit rating.
- Medical and health services.
- Safety service, including first aid training.
- Group activities such as group heath insurance, housing, cafeteria programs and social clubs.
- Suggestion plans and their use in labor management production committees.
- Public relations.
- Employee record for all purposes.
- Benefit, retirement, and pension programs.
GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE
Grievances is “any discontent or dissatisfaction, whether expressed or not, whether valid or not, arising out of anything connected with the company which employee thinks, believes or, even feels to be unfair, unjust or inequitable.”
Causes:
- Economic: Wage fixation, overtime, bonus, wage revision, etc. employees may feel that they are paid less when compared to others.
- Work environment: Poor physical conditions of workplace, tight production norms, defective tools and equipment, poor quality of materials, unfair rules, lack of recognition, etc.
- Supervision: Relates to the attitudes of the supervisor towards the employee such as perceived notions of bias, favoritism, nepotism, caste affiliations, regional feelings, etc.
- Work group: Employee is unable to adjust with his colleagues; suffers from feelings of neglect, victimization and become an object of ridicule and humiliation, etc.
- Miscellaneous: These include issue relation to certain violations in respect of promotions, safety methods, transfer, disciplinary rules, fines, granting leave medical facilities, etc.
EFFECT:
- Low quality of production.
- Low quality of productivity.
- Increase in wastage in material, spoilage.
- Increase in cost of production per unit.
- Increase in rate of absenteeism and turnover.
- Reduces the level of commitment, sincerity and punctuality.
- Increase the incidence of accidents.
- Reduce the level of employee morale.
- Strains the superior-subordinate relations.
- Increases the degree of supervision, control and follow up.
- Increases in indiscipline cases.
- Increase in unrest and thereby machinery to maintain industrial peace.
DISCOVERY OF GRIEVANCES
- Observation
- Grievance procedure
- Gripe boxes
- Open door policy
- Exit interview
- Opinion surveys
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
Process:
Preparation: These process can be divided into component like understanding the strategic thrust of the company, analyzing the strengths and weakness of both the company and union, analyzing the environment, analyzing relevant stakeholder, analyzing history of labor-management relation.
Negotiation and Compromise: The primary objective of the negotiation process is to reach an agreement both parties can live with. A written contract, signed by both parties, which will govern the employment relationship, should be the objective of both sides. It does not mean that both parties must be willing to compromise on issues until a reasonable accommodation is reached. The contract negotiations process is the actual bargaining that goes on between the two parties to reach agreement on a contract. It is a more specific aspect of the entire collective bargaining process.
Settlement: In large organizations the final settlement is the result of a complex procedure over an extended period of time. Settlement in smaller companies, on the other hand, is frequently straightforward and the logical end of the process.
Mediation and Arbitration: Mediation involves a neutral third party who tries to break a bargaining impasse. Mediators may be called upon to get the parties to start negotiating again, clarify points that have been misunderstood, suggest alternative compromises that have not occurred to the bargaining parties, and improve trust and communication. While mediators have no power to enforce a settlement, they may bring a fresh viewpoint into the process that can get things moving again.
Arbitration, on the other hand, involves a neutral third party listening to both sides, evaluating the evidence, and making a binding recommendation. Arbitration is of two basis types: contract rights arbitration. Contract rights arbitration consists of settling impasses in the actual administration of the contract and is usually the outcome of a grievance procedure that cannot be settled by the arties. Interest arbitration involves the terms of the contract itself. While interest arbitration is used in the public sector where strikes are illegal, it is rarely used in the private sector.
Seven Tips for Successful Collective Bargaining
- Use the preliminary meetings to set the ground rules for future sessions. For example, the negotiators might agree up front that negotiations will take place during normal business hours and not in all-night marathon sessions.
- Document carefully all meetings. Include who was there, what was said, what the intent as behind contract language, and what proposal and counter proposals were made. At the end of each day’s session the mote taker can dictate the outlines of the sessions and have typewritten documents prepared for review. Missing information or disagreement can be filled in. this documentation will not only help in the negotiation process, but it can also help in interpreting the contract once it is signed.
- If the company CEO is well regarded by the employees, consider using him or her in certain negotiating sessions, particularly the early ones. This helps the CEO understand the position of the union.
- Within the bounds of what is legal, establish a comprehensive file on the in-plant union negotiating committee. This can be a basis for better participation and drawing out the union members who are perhaps the most qualified to speak on a given issue. For instance, if a worker has been with the company 20 years and a management representative believes that the current proposal might not benefit him, the representative might post a question like.” Ken, are you aware that the current proposal will give workers with 20 years seniority only about half the benefits as those who have been with the company form 5 to 10 years?”
- Never underestimate the union negotiators abilities. Accept them as equal peers. A condescending attitude can hurt the process and may result in management winning an ego battle and losing the contract war. Many of the union people are street smart and savvy when it comes to negotiations.
- Sustain strong communication links with managers and first-line supervisors after the contract is settled. They are the ones who actually administer the contract on a day-to-day basis.
- If an impasse is reached consider federal mediation. This demonstrates good faith and a commitment to avoid a bitter labor dispute.
PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT
Approaches:
- Power-centered: Worker become involves in decision making at more than one level of the managerial hierarchy and play an important role in setting the goals of the enterprises.
- Task-centered: It involves decision relation to the immediate task or environment of the workers concerned
FORMS OF PARTICIPATION
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Joint Consultation: Management takes decisions but the workers’ representatives are allowed to be heard.
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Joint Decision Making: The representatives of workers and management are jointly represented in decision making body.
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Workers Control: final authority rests with the elected representatives of workers who formulate policy and employ managers to carry it out.
OBJECTIVE:
- Promoting the satisfaction and personal development of an individual worker.
- Improving industrial relations.
- Increasing efficiency.
- Workers participation in decision making.
TRADE UNION
Meaning:
- An association of workers in one or more professions for the purpose of protecting and advancing the members’ economic interests in connection with their daily work.
- A continuous long term association of employees formed and maintained for the specific purpose of advancing and protecting the interest of the members in their working relationship.
- A union is a continuous association of persons in industry formed primarily for the purpose of the pursuit of the interests of its members of the trade they represent.
Why do Workers Join Trade Unions?
- To attain economic security.
- To improve their bargaining power and balance it with that of management.
- To ventilate the workers’ grievances to the management.
- To inform workers’ views, aims, ideas and dissatisfaction to the management.
- To secure protection from unexpected economic needs kike illness, accidents, injury etc.
- To satisfied their social, psychological needs.
- To secure power.
Function:
- Achieving higher wages and better working and living conditions for the members;
- Acquiring the control of industry by workers;
- Minimizing the helplessness of the individual workers by making them stand collectively and increasing their resistance power.
- Providing a worker self-confidence and a feeling that he is not simply a cog in the machine;
- Taking up welfare measures for improving the morale of the workers;
- To enlarge opportunities for promotion and training;
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To improve working and living condition;
CASE STUDY
Study the Human Resource Policy of the ONGC
VISION AND MISSION
To be a world-class Oil and Gas company integrated in energy business with dominant Indian leadership and global presence.
WORLD CLASS
- Dedicated to excellence by levering competitive advantages in R&D and technology with involved people.
- Imbibe high standards of business ethics and organizational values.
- Abiding commitment to safety, health and environment to enrich quality of community life.
- Foster a culture of trust, openers and mutual concern to make working a stimulating and challenging experience for our people.
- Strive for customer delight through quality products and services.
INTEGARTED IN ENERGY BUSINESS
- Focus on domestic and international oil and gas exploration and production business opportunities.
- Provide value linkages in other sectors of energy business.
- Create growth opportunities in other sectors of energy business.
DOMINANT INDIAN LEADERSHIP
- Retain dominant position in Indian petroleum sector and enhance India’s energy availability.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
- Mr. Subir Raha, Chairman & Managing Director
- Mr. V K Sharma, (Onshore)
- Mr. Y B Sinha, Director (Exploration), Director (Onshore) – Add. Charge
- Mr. R S Sharma, Director (Finance)
- Mr. Nathu Lal, Director (Tech & Field Services)
- Dr. A K Balyan, Director (HR)
ORGANIZATION CHART
PEOPLE AT ONGC
“Not only has India… set up her own machinery for oil exploration and exploitation... an efficient oil commission has been built where a large number of bright young men and women had been trained and they were doing good work.”
- Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister to Lord Mountbatten, on ONGC (1959).
This is what Pandit Nehru said about ONGC’s strength of managing their people. Today, ONGC is the flagship company of India; and making this possible is a dedicated team of nearly 40,000 professional who toil round the clock. It is this toil which amply reflects in the performance figures and aspirations of ONGC. The company has adapted progressive policies in scientific planning, acquisition, utilization, training and motivation of the team. At ONGC everybody matters, every soul counts.
ONGC has a unique distinction of being a company with in-house service capabilities in machine all the activity areas of exploration and production of oil & gas and related oil field services.
Needless to emphasize, this was made possible by the men & women behind the machine Over 18,000 experienced and technically executives mostly scientist and engineers from distinguished Universities/Institutions of India and abroad from the core of our manpower. They include geologists, geophysicists, geochemist, drilling engineers, reservoir engineers, petroleum engineers, production engineers, engineering & technical service providers, financial and human resource experts, IT professional and so on.
HR VISION, MISSION & OBJECTIVES
HR VISION
“To attain organizational excellence by developing and inspiring the true potential of company’s human capital and providing opportunities for growth, well being and enrichment.”
HR MISSION
“To create a value and knowledge based organization by inculcating a culture of learning, innovation & team working and aligning business priorities with aspiration of employees leading to development of an empowered, responsive and competent human capital.”
HR OBJECTIVES
- To develop and sustain core values
- To develop business leaders for tomorrow
- To provide job contentment through empowerment, accountability and responsibility
- To built and upgrade competencies through virtual learning, opportunities for growth and providing challenges in the job
- To foster c climate of creativity, innovation and enthusiasm
- To enhance the quality of life of employees and their family
- To inculcate high understanding of ‘Service’ to a greater cause
HR STRATAGY
- To meet challenging demands of the business environment, focus of the HR strategy is on change of the employee’s ‘mindset’
- Building quality culture and resources
- Re-engineering and redeployment for maximizing utilization of HR potential
- To Build and upgrade competencies through virtual learning, opportunities for growth and providing challenges in the job
- Re-strengthening mutual faith, trust and respect
- Inculcating a spirit of learning & enjoying challenges
- Developing Human Resource through virtual learning, providing opportunities for growth, inculcating involvement and exposure to benchmarking in performance
ROLE OF HR
- Alignment of HR vision corporate vision
- Shift from support group to strategic partner in business operations
- HR as a change agent
- Enhance productivity and performance by developing employee competency and potential
- Developing professional attitude and approach
- Developing ‘Global Managers’ for tomorrow to ensure the role of global players
CAREER
Career Opportunities Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is a company with a global vision and noble mission. Having a strong force of over 41,000 dedicated to the common cause of technological innovation and process of reinventing themselves, it can boast of having experts in all aspects relevant to the entire of E&P business and even those within its pale.
Apart from an excellent atmosphere for growth, the company offers a package of remuneration that compares with the best in the Indian industry. It includes basic pay and dearness allowance, contributory provident fund, conveyance maintenance reimbursement, leave fare assistance/encashment, holiday home facility, medical facilities for self and dependent, gratuity, self contributory post-retirement scheme, composite social security scheme and soft loans, etc.
So if you are searching for a company…
- With a noble mission
- Where technology counts
- Where people matter & each individual makes a difference in the working environment
- Where the company reciprocates
… then ONGC is the place to be at. Expertise Domains ONGC has various employment opportunities at lower, middle and senior executive levels in a large number of disciplines for which candidates from the following streams can apply:
ENGINEERING
- Drilling
- Electrical
- Electronics & Telecommunications
- Instrumentation
- Mechanical
- Production
- Auto
- Chemical
- Petroleum
- Computer Engineering and Programming
- Civil
- Constructions & Maintenance
GEOSCIENCES
- Chemistry
- Geology
- Geophysics
- Mathematics
- Paleontology
- Reservoir
- Physics
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Physics with Electronics
SUPPORT & ADMINISTRATION
- Finance & Accounts
- Economics & Statistics
- Hindi
- Industrial Engineering
- Industrial Relations
- Legal
- Marketing
- Medical & Paramedical
- Public Relations/Corporate Communications
- Security & Vigilance
- Fire Services
RECRUITMENT
Specified application form is provided along with each vacancy notification. Only those applications which are as per the prescribed form and fulfill eligibility criteria of age, qualification, application fee and are accompanied with copies and testimonials are accepted. Detailed instructions for filling up application forms are given in the vacancy notification.
Materials Management Method Of Recruitment ONGC advertises the vacancies in the newspapers and displays the same online. Only the applications specific to the advertisements are entertained which are received during the time limit stipulated in the vacancy notification/advertisement. Individual’s applications which are without reverence to specific vacancy notification are neither entertained nor replied to.
Terms and Conditions
Broad terms and conditions and general instructions which are specific to the advertised posts are incorporated in the advertisements/vacancy notification. Vacancies are notified or advertised as and when there is manpower requirement for any discipline. The executives in ONGC are transferable to any of its Projects, Regions, Institutions and Work centers in India or abroad. Introduction Levels for Executives.
Career growth the existing promotion scheme for executives in ONGC is follows, however the outstanding candidates may get merit promotions a year in advance depending upon merit and availability of vacancies.
OIL & GAS NATURAL GAS CIPRORATION LTD.
R&P DIVISION, TEL BHAVAN, DEHRADUN
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
An integral part of ONGC’s employee-centered policies is its thrust on their knowledge up gradation and development. The Institute of Management Development, which has an ISO 9001 certification, along with 7 other training institutes, play a key role in keeping their workforce at pace with global standards
The Institute of Management Development is the premier nodal agency responsible for developing the human resource of ONGC. It also focuses on marketing its HRD expertise in the field of Exploration & Production of Hydrocarbons. ONGC’s Sports Promotion Board, the Apex body, has a Comprehensive Sports Policy through which top honors in sports at national and international levels have been achieved.
ONGC Academy
ONGC Academy is located in the lush green environment of the Himalayas at Dehra Dun. Known previously as Institute of Management Development (IMD), it was formally re-christened as ONGC Academy on November 2, 2003 by C&MD Mr. Subir Raha. It is ONGC's premier nodal agency for training and developing human resources. The Institute emerged out of SWOT analysis carried out by the organization in 1982.
Designing parameters for measuring performance of human resources, succession planning, mapping of individual relations scenario, work climate and work culture analysis and managing change are some of the areas of research related to management development. To serve this purpose, the Academy is committed to excellence in the cause of HRD and of the availability of appropriate systems and procedures with a view to ensure managerial effectiveness, quality and productivity in E&P Sector. ONGC Academy is also responsible for coordinating training/seminars for ONGC executives abroad.
The academy has acquired ISO-9001 certificate through implementation of quality assurance system.
FACULTY
ONGC Academy has an experienced core and visiting external faculty from in-house, industry and top national institutions who possess specialization, experience, institutional affiliation and temperament.
PEDAGOGY
The Pedagogy is interactive and participative and the methods include lectures, cases, seminars, group discussions, business games, role plays, simulation exercises, structured and unstructured group work and field visits. Functional areas are discussed in the context of opportunities for internationalizing business and enhancing the organizations responsiveness to the rapidly changing technology and market forces in the emerging global scenario. Eminent academicians, policy makers and senior executives deliver extensive lectures to the faculty and the participants.
CURRICULUM
Training Programmes are as per the specific requirements catering to the fresh graduate trainees, middle and senior level corporate executives. Refresher, awareness and exposure courses in the field of geo-science, production, and reservoir engineering, emerging technologies and managerial aspects for the national international oil companies are conducted regularly. Program on joint ventures, negotiations, price-risk analysis, cost reduction, advanced petroleum management etc. are added features of the training curriculum.
INFRASTRUCTURE
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Well equipped air-conditioned auditorium, with a capacity of 220 for seminars and conferences
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Lecture halls with audiovisual systems
- Air-conditioned hall for conducting video sessions on wide
screen video displays
- Library with a vast collection of books related to the oil industry and latest managerial subjects
- A fully equipped computer centre with a host of PCs connected through LAN
- Excellent cut models of diesel engine, motor and simulators as training aids
- Physical training and yoga, squash, badminton, tennis, billiards and table tennis
- Medical facilities
- Furnished hostel accommodation for 160 participants and a VIP Guest house
ALLIANCES
- Formal alliances with reputed organizations and Institutions like ASCI, Hyderabad, MDI (Management Development Institute), Gurgaon, IMI, New Delhi, ICWAI, New Delhi, Andhra University, Roorkee University, and the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad have helped the Institute to provide quality dissemination of knowledge. The R&D wing of ONGC Academy is continuously engaged in updating strategic HRD plans to improve productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of ONGC executives.
THRUST AREAS
Development of core faculty in new areas
- Marketing HRD expertise to E&P industry Trainings oriented to :
- Organizational restructuring and transformation
- Information technology
- Business process re-engineering
- Hi-tech exploration techniques
- Enhanced oil recovery
- Cost estimation and cost control
- Diversification and marketing of training services
- Training of trainers
- Generation of ONGC related case studies
CONCLUSION
ONGC has undertaken an organization transformation exercise in which HR has taken a lead role as a change agent by evolving a communication strategy to ensure involvement and participation among employees in various work centers. Exclusive workshops and interactions/brainstorming sessions are organized to facilitate involvement of employees in the project.
Policies and policy makers at ONGC have always had the interests of large and multi-disciplined workforce at heart and have been aware of the nuances and significance of cordial Industrial relations. By enabling workers to participate in management, they are provided with an informative, consultative, associate and administrative forum for interactive participation and for fostering innovative culture.
In fact, ONGC has been one of the very few organizations where this method has been implemented. It has had a positive impact on the overall operations since it has led to enhanced efficiency and productivity and reduced wastages and costs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Handbook for writers and editors - S. Rao
- Human Resource and Personnel Management – K. Aswathappa
- Managing People - V.S.P. Rao
- Human Resource Management - Decenzo
- Human Resource Management – Dessler
- Essentials of Human Resource Management & Industrial relation – P Subba Rao
- Human Resource Management – Robbert L. Mathis
John H. Jackson
