2.2 Quantitative biomechanics
Quantitative biomechanics analysts are more focused on reducing injury and improving performance. This method uses a mixture of experimental and theoretical approach to seek what they are looking for such as which is the better way to serve in badminton?. Quantitative analysis uses detailed measurements and evaluation of the measurement to improve performance.
2.3 The difference between qualitative and quantitative biomechanics
Qualitative biomechanics relies on observation of the performer as quantitative relies on actual measurements to quantify certain mechanical parameters of the performance. (McGinnis, P. M)
2.4 Notational analysis
National analysis can be defined as ‘ an objective way of recording performance so that the key elements of that performance can be quantified in a valid and consistent manner’ (Jones et al)
Notational analysis of sport performance has been recognised as having the capability to fill in an important role in supporting the coaching process. (Franks et al)
Notational analysis focuses on movements in a team and is primarily concerned about tactics and strategies. Notational analysis is an objective way of recording performance so that the performance can be looked at in reliable way and will enable quantitative and qualitative feedback take place.
Coaches, scouts and managers use this analysis to gather data that they are looking for during training sessions and games, which has been proven to be a good way to gather data by both coaches and scientist
Hand notational data is gathered through system such as a tally chart and then put into processes for the data to go in to a computerised database.
2.5 Video analysis
Video analysis is a good tool to use when coaching as it is interesting an allows the coaching and performer to see where they need to improve and is a good way to give visual feedback, but it can also help with many other stages of analysis such as biomechanics as a way to study sport movement. Using video analysis can give a coach more accurate reading such as playing team games and letting them know how they played in the game and what they did well and what they need to improve. Most of professional sports teams use video analysis such as England Rugby.
2.6 Key performance indicators (KPI’s)
KPI’s represent a set of measures focusing on the organisational performance that are more critical for the current and future success of the organisation. ( Paramenter. D)
KPIs provide a quantifiable and time-related objective such as becoming top four in a football league by next season this gives an quantifiable objective and when you intend to gain this object.
KPIs are a valid in sport to explain the performance of successful performers within matches. As they help coaches evaluate performance and plan and conduct further training for the performers.
According to Hughes and Barlett KPIs have been selected and utilized in sport performance analysis in order to help enhance performance of a team or an individual.
2.7 Validity and reliability
We use validity when we are recording results and if the a valid such as if two people where recording heads they would have to discuss what they accept as a header whether it’s any contact to the head or just on the forehead.
There are four types of validity:
- Logical – involve the performer being measured
- Content- there is no statistical evidence for this one as it is done in an educational setting
- Criterion- which scores are related to some recognised standard or criterion
- Construct- this test measures a hypothetical construct, usually established to some form of behaviour
The key aspect in any research that uses any type of equipment is the repeatability and accuracy of the equipment, this is where reliability comes in if the equipment is not working to its full then the test such as the agility test will not be reliable as the results may not be what they are supposed to be at the end of the test. When data is being tested it must be tested in the same and in the same depth if you want the results to be reliable e.g. if a participant was being test one the 100 metre track for the first time and the test was being repeated again then the same track must be used and in the same environment as the test result will not be reliable as the circumstance have changed.
Reliability and validity should be discussed before doing a test or an experiment to help strength the test and the results. They both work together if the test is not reliable then the results will not be valid, so it’s important to discuss what you are measuring and how you are going to make it valid and reliable.
2.8 Feedback
Feedback is a system used by returning information about a game or the results of test, outputs or effects.
Participation in sport is typically undertaken with the intent to improve performance through feedback
There are two types of feedback intrinsic which comes from the performer such as what they feel they have done wrong such as a penalty kick they might feel they have put too much power in to the kick that maybe why they missed this feedback comes from the performers own sensory channels such as sight and hearing. Extrinsic feedback comes from someone else such as a coach or a team member. Feedback is a big part of life experiences it helps use succeed in task and to help us improve in anything we may think we are not very good at and it is meant to compliment the intrinsic feedback. This then helps the performer compare what was done and what was meant to be the outcome, this is where video analysis can come in and help the performer to diagnose where they went wrong and how they can improve to enhance performance.
Feedback can also be used in biomechanics as they use technology that looks at the body movement of a skill for ex ample in golf, the technology will be able to look at your swing and may show your twisting your hips to much so this feedback would allow you to adjust your swing and allow you to enhance your performance and improve your swing and the velocity of your hit.
- ICT in performance analysis
The use of video analysis is now fundamental to analysing and developing performance in sporting activities, as it enables automatic measurement in the way the body is functioning during physical activity and the way equipment and players are moving during games and also enables performance to be analysed more quickly and more accurate with more information available.
It can also help develop teaching in P.E lessons as it can help classes understand and give them more knowledge of a skill as well has giving them an understanding of the human body and how it works.
ICT data can be given in presentation form or in videos and many other ways, using interpretations of relationships and events.
- Practical barriers
There are many barriers within sport such as lack of money and not being able to pay for the top equipment, but that doesn’t stop coaches from being able to run effective sessions and help them improve their performance through observation and tally charts
When recording participant you must get consent forms from parents and if they are playing a game against a team and you are recording the game you must only record your players unless you have got the other teams opinion. When recording participant the tape should not be shown to any other team player or members without asking the participant permission as they may not feel confident about their performance and they may also feel very uncomfortable with someone else watching the results and hearing the feedback.
References
Atkinson, G. and Reilly, T. (1995) Sport, Leisure and Ergonomics, E and FN Spon, London
Bartlett, R. (2001) Introduction to sports biomechanics, E and FN Spon, New York
Bartlett, R. (2007)Introduction to Sports Biomechanics: Analysing Human Movement Patterns, Routledge, New York
Cashmore, E. (2002) Sport psychology: the key concepts, Routledge, London
Hughes, M and Franks, I. M. (1997), Notational analysis of sport: systems for better coaching and performance in sport, Routledge, New York
Hughes, M. and Franks, I.M. (1997) National Analysis of Sport, E and FN Spon, London
Hughes, M and Franks. I. M. (2008) The Essentials of Performance Analysis: An Introduction, Routledge, New York.
Jones, R. L., Hughes. M., Kingston, K. (2008)An Introduction to Sports Coaching: From Science and Theory to Practice. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon
Kennewell, S. (2004) Meeting the standards in using ICT for secondary teaching, Routledgefalmer, London
McGinnis, P. M.(1999) Biomechanics of sport and exercise, Human Kinetics, Leeds.
Reilly, T. And Williams, M. A. (2003) Science and soccer, Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon
Smith, A. And Stewart, B. (1999) Sports management: a guide to professional practice, allen and pry LTD, Australia
Thomas, J. R, Nelson, J. K. and Silverman, S. J. (2005)Research methods in physical activity, Human
Journals
Franks, I. M. And Miller, G. (1991) Training Coaches to Observe and Remember, Journal of Sport Science, 9
Franks, I. M., Goodman, D. and Miller, G. (1983) Analysis of performance: Qualitative or Quantitative, Science Periodical on Research and Technology in Sport
Hughes, M. D and Bartlett, R (2002) The Use of Performance Indicators in Performance Analysis, Journal of Sports Science
