The short term effects on the skeletal system from doing exercise are not too obvious because as the bones are slowly growing, doing exercise the body sends shockwaves through the bones, theses shockwaves trigger off physiological changes in the body.
The long term effects on the skeletal system can be good depending if you exercise properly, if you do exercise properly then it can improve the condition of your bones and make them stronger, also improve joints and ligaments, it also prevents osteoporosis in later life. If you exercise too early in life it can have some long term effects like if a young child starts weight training it can stunt their growth and this can lead to conditions such as osgodd-schalatters. What happens is you start exercising and after a few sessions of exercising the muscles and bones in the body become used to doing that certain level of exercise and start to grow this then shows with the muscle such as the biceps becoming larger and then you continue doing this repeatedly then eventually after a year or so you will physically and mentally be more fit, it will stay this way for a long time.
Muscular system.
The human body has got 630 muscles, these 630 muscle equal 40% of our body weight. The main muscles in the body are:
Shoulders - Deltoids
Front of arm - Biceps
4 muscles in thigh - Quadriceps
Back of arm - Triceps
Backside - Gluteus
Lower outer leg - Gastrociemios
Peck (chest) - Pectorals
Abs - Abdominals
Back of neck - Trapezes
Lower of back - Latissimus dorsi
Back of leg - Hamstrings.
Different muscle types in the body depends on where the muscle is in the body there are three different types of muscle in the human body there is cardiac ( heart) these muscles work without us thinking about it. Even when we are sleeping these muscles are capable of automatic contractions. Cardiac muscles contract to allow blood to be pumped from the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body.
Then there are involuntary muscles which also work without us thinking about it, these muscles are also known as smooth muscles. There are mainly found in the intestine, stomach, veins and in the walls of arteries.
Last there are voluntary muscles, with these muscles we have got full conscious control over what actions and movements these muscles make. They can also be involved in voluntary reflexes this is also known as striated or skeletal muscle, these muscles are attached to the bone to make the skeleton move when we want it to such as when we move our arm to pick something up. This kind of muscle is the largest group in the human body.
The skeletal muscles are wrapped up in tough substance called perimysuim this is lubricated so that the muscles which are besides each other are still able to move. Each muscle contains lots of bundles of muscle fibres. Muscle fibre is made up of 2 proteins, actin and myosin. The skeletal muscles work when the contractions of the muscles cause forces which make movement, muscle fibres which are made of the 2 proteins: actin and myosin these work in the same way as a deck of cards being pushed together.
The skeletal muscles work across joints and they are also attached together by cords which are also known as tendons, the muscles work together and relax and contract to make movement.
Origin and insertion
When muscles contract only one part of the bone can move at a time so the other part has got to stay put, the point where the tendon attaches to the bone is known as insertion and origin, origin is where the tendons of the muscles join to the stationary ones. The insertion means that the tendons of muscles join to the moving bones and not to the stationary ones.
What makes a muscle contract?
We have got full conscious control over all of our skeleton and our muscles, the muscles will on contract when we want them to and when we do the central nervous system (CNS) will send messages to the brain to tell the muscle to move and contract.
Where do muscles get their energy from?
All muscles need energy to work properly, muscles energy is created through cellular respiration, usually when oxygen is available. The respiration is aerobic respiration not anaerobic. Skeletal muscles need stimulus form the central nervous system also forming air containing oxygen and food containing glucose to create energy, however if the oxygen supply in the air is low then anaerobic respiration can occur, each muscle contains muscle fibres these can either be: fast twitch or slow twitch.
Each type of fibre has got certain properties and differences which can be compared to the story about the “tortoise and the hare”. Which is a tortoise and a hare have a race, the hare shoots off n the tortoise takes his time taking one step at a time the hare is very confident that he will win the race, maybe a bit over confident because he thinks he is so far in front that the tortoise will never catch up so the hare ahs a nap and goes to sleep, a while after the tortoise passes the hare and slowly but steadily wins the race. The moral of this story is to take your time don’t rush things and don’t be too over confident.
Short term effects on the muscular system
If exercise is done temporary increase in size on the muscular system. This is because the requirements increase in blood flow to the area which you are exercising on, this makes the blood vessels fill up and forces water into the muscle facia, up to 72 hours after exercise the muscles may feel tired and sore this is because of a substance in the body called lactic acid invading the working area and because of minute tears in the muscle fibres which happened during exercise.
Long term effects
If the exercise is done properly it cans massively improve the conditions of the tendons, ligaments and the muscles themselves. If you understand how to exercise properly and apply it well then you can improve your muscles including the size, strength, power, tone and it can increase the speed in which you can move at and increase your stamina this can be done by muscular hypertrophy. In return this improves the overall appearance of the body physical functioning confidence and self esteem. Safe and efficient flexibility exercise programmes can improve the range of motions and help to prevent injuries around joints. The muscular system helps people to lower their cholesterol and also helps to prevent osteoposis. So by exercising it increases the muscle mass which helps raise the persons metabolism this means that more food eaten by the person means more calories but with a high metabolic rate then the person can burn more calories without actually exercising.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system it made up of blood, blood vessels, there are three types of blood vessel they are: arteries, veins and capillaries these are situated all around the body the capillaries are in the heart which pump blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and around the body to use up the oxygen. The blood does the job of a non-stop counter service, it retrieves chemicals from all around the body and transports them to other parts to either be put to use or disposed of.
There are 4 parts which make up the blood of the human body.
- plasma, plasma is a liquid part in the blood it is straw coloured and it mains role within the blood is to transport carbon dioxide (CO2) away from the cells ad to the lungs for removal from the body. Glucose which is in the small intestine is moved to cells to be used to make energy, nutrients from the small to the cells for use in growth and repair in the body, other waste products are moved away from cells to be removed from the body e.g. urea.
- White blood cells are in the body to fight disease, engulf invading microbes and to help protect the body they do this by producing anti bodies which help attack disease, these blood cells have got a nucleus.
- platelets, these are small pieces of cells, platelets have not got a nucleus and their main goal is to stop bleeding from the body e.g. when we cut our selves, they do this by clumping together in a mesh type formation when blood vessels are damaged this mesh work creates a blood clot to stop the bleeding.
- red blood ells this is the last part of the blood, they have got no nucleus and they are very flexible this is so the can go through small capillaries, their main role is to collect oxygen and carry it to all of the cells in the body which will then use it to create energy. In order to do this the red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which will combine with the oxygen in the cells to become oxy-haemoglobin.
Blood vessels
There are 3 different blood vessels there are arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and because they have a job to pump blood quickly they have a thick elastic muscular wall.
Veins have got thinner muscular walls, which carry the blood back to the heart.
Capillaries are one thick cell, they make the exchange of nutrients and respiratory gasses which occurs across their surface.
Heart blood flow
- The blood exits via the right hand side of the heart it leaves by the pulmonary artery and goes to the lungs to be oxygenated.
- It the returns to the left hand side of the heart via the pulmonary vein.
- The left hand side of the heart then pumps the oxygenated blood around the rest of the body via the aorta.
- Once the oxygen i the blood has been used up the blood returns to the right hand side of the heart via the vena cava, to start the process of oxygenating the blood again.
Temperature control
Heating is lost by radiation and convection, the body sweats and the sweat is what happens when we get too hot and the body sweats to cool ourselves down.
Short term effects on exercise
There is and anticipatory rise in heart rate which makes the body :) become prepared for exercise, this is caused by a sharp rise in the release of hormones which is caused by the sense organs. The increase of heart rate will continue even when the person has finished exercising.
Long term effects
The long term effects make the capillaries density and efficiency increase. The resting heart rate will drop, it will also get bigger stronger and more efficient.
The cardiac output will increase as the heart is able to pump more blood this means that the blood pressure will lower. The amount of haemoglobin which will help carry oxygen increases as the body creates more red blood cells this will help the person become fitter and stronger and all-round more healthy.
Respiratory system
The reason we have a respiratory system is that it brings the air which we breathe in to close contact with so that the oxygen can be allowed to be absorbed and the carbon dioxide is removed. The respiratory system consists of 1 pair of lungs connected to the mouth by the trachea and the bronchi which enables us to breath and for this process to take place.
Trachea
The trachea in the human body is 10cm in length and it is supported by a c-shape ring (cartilage) this cartilage prevents the tube from collapsing whilst we breathe. It is divided in to the left and right bronchus. The bronchi are strengthened by the cartilage and they are subdivided to form a group called bronchioles, then the air goes to the gas exchange surfaces – the alveoli. Air enters the body by the nose and mouth and passes through via the pharynx and larynx to the trachea. Air is then delivered to the alveoli as the trachea branches into bronchi and then bronchioles.
Alveoli
Alveoli is an extremely tiny structure which is situated in the lungs, this is where the exchange of oxygen and co2 takes place. The walls of the alveoli are very moist and very thin this helps the co2 and the oxygen to pas through them easily this is called diffusion. The bunches of alveoli are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. The capillaries have also got a really thin wall which again helps the diffusion on co2 and oxygen from the blood and into the blood.
Short term effects on exercise
Whilst people exercise there tidal volume increases, tidal volume is the amount of air that is inspired or expired per breath this occurs mainly whilst exercising and maybe after exercising. The aspiratory reserve volume decreases this is the maximal volume inspires in addition to TV. Also whilst exercising the expiration reserve volume decreases this is the maximal volume expired in addition to TV. The residual volume increases, this is the amount of oxygen left in the lungs after expiration. The vital capacity decreases slightly this is because the maximal amount of air can be forcibly exhaled after inspiration has occurred. Also the total lung capacity decreases as this is VC+RV = the remaining volume after maximal inspiration has happened.
Long term effects
As the human body slowly adapts to exercise, anything and everything involved with the respiration becomes more effective and also becomes more efficient. The intercostals muscles and the diaphragm before larger and stronger this lets the person perform larger breathing actions. This then allows more oxygen to be taken in and enables the body to dispose of waste products more quickly. Therefore this improves the persons overall stamina which will then allow them to train for longer and more intensely. This can then help them to manage their body weight, reduce there cholesterol levels and improve the conditions of their muscular and their skeletal systems.