ASSAY; Dissolve 0.200g in 30ml of alcohol and add 5.0ml of 0.01m hydrochloric acid. Carry out a potentiometer titration using 0.1m NaoH.Read the volume added between the two points of inflexion.1ml of 0.1m NaoH is equivalent to 24.08mg of Levamisole Hydrochloride.
Storage; Store in a well-closed container, protected from light.
C11H12N2S, HCl
3.PIPERAZINE PHOSPHATE;
This is used in the treatment of threadworm (Enterobius vermicularis) and roundworm (Onchocerca volvulus) infections.
PHARMACOLOGICAL KINECTICS;
Its works by reversibly inhibiting neuromuscular transmission in the worm, probably by acting like GABA, the inhibitory neurotransmitter on GABA gated chloride channels in nematode muscle. The paralyzed worms are expelled alive.
Piperazine is given orally and some but not all is absorbed. It is partly metabolized and the remainder is eliminated, unchanged, via the kidney. The drug has singularly little pharmacological action in the host.
ASSAY; Dissolve 0.2g in a mixture of 3.5ml of 0.5m sulphuric acid and 10ml of water. Add 100ml of trinitrophenol solution, heat on a water bath for 15 minutes and allow to stand for 1 hour. Filter through a sintered glass filter and wash the residue with successive 10ml quantities of a mixture of equal volumes of a saturated solution of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol and water until the washings are free from the sulpahte. Wash the residues with five 10ml quantities of absolute ethanol and dry to constant weight at 100-105 degree. Each of the residue is equivalent to 0.3382g of Piperazine Phosphate.
Storage; Store in an airtight container, protect from light.
C4H10N2H3PO4H2O
4.PRAZIQUANTEL;
This is used in the treatment of guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) even tapeworms (Taenia saginata, Taenia solium)
PHARMACOLOGICAL KINECTICS;
It acts by altering calcium homeostasis in the helminthes cells. This causes contraction of the musculature and eventually results in paralysis and death of the worm.
Praziquantel has no pharmacological effects in humans in therapeutic dosage. Given orally it is rapidly absorbed; much of the drug is rapidly metabolized to inactive metabolites on first passage through the liver and the metabolites are excreted in the urine.
ASSAY; Dissolve 40.0mg in alcohol and dilute to 100.0ml with the same solvent. Prepare a reference solution in the same manner using 40.0mg of the praziquantel. Measure the absorbances of the two solutions at the maximum at 265mm.
From here the content of Praziquantel from the absorbances measured can be calculated and also the concentrations of the solutions.
Storage: Store in a well-closed container, protected from light.
C19H24N2O2
5.DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CITRATE;
This is used in the treatment of worms such as Onchocerca volvulus and Wuchereria Bancrofti.
PHARMACOLOGICAL KINECTICS;
This drug works by rapidly removing the microfilariae from the blood circulation and has a limited effect on the adult worms in the lymphatics, but it has little action on the microfilariae in vitro. It has also been suggested that it modifies the parasite so that it becomes susceptible to the host’s normal immune responses. It may also interfere with the parasite’s arachidonate metabolism.
The drug is given orally, is absorbed and is distributed throughout the cells and tissues of the body, excepting adipose tissue. It is partly metabolized and both the parent drug and its metabolites are excreted in the urine, being cleared from the body in within about 48hours.
ASSAY; Dissolve 0.305g in 25ml of anhydrous acetic acid and add 25ml of acetic anhydride. Using 0.2ml of crystal violet solution as indicator, titrate with 0.1m perchloric acid until a greenish-blue colour is obtained.
1ml of 0.1m perchloric acid is equivalent to 39.14mg of Diethylcarbamazine citrate.
Storage; Store in an airtight container.
C10H21N3O,C6H8O7
6.NICLOSAMIDE:
This is used in the treatment of Tapeworm (Taenia saginata,Taenia solium)
PHARMACOLOGICAL KINECTICS:
This drug works by irreversibly damaging the worm that is the part that is attached to the host’s intestinal cells. The worm separates from the intestinal wall and is expelled. Neither the larvae nor the ova are affected. The drug is given in a single dose after a light meal, followed by a purgative 2 hours later. A purgative is necessary because the damaged tapeworm segments may release ova, which are not affected by the drug, so therefore another cycle could start again.
ASSAY; Dissolve 0.300g in 80ml of mixture of equal volumes of acetone and methanol. Titrate with 0.14-tetrabutylammonium hydroxide determining the end-point potentiometrically.
Storage: Store in an airtight container, protected from light.
C13H8Cl2N2O4