Molecular targets of best-selling drugs (short review)

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Molecular targets of best-selling drugs (short review)

Each drug has a specific molecular target in which it acts on. Some drugs have enzymes as their main molecular target by either activating or inhibiting them, whereas other drugs act on specific receptors (sensing elements). Other drugs act on ion channels which can be direct or indirect. Other types of drugs act on transporters (Carrier molecules). A specific molecular change takes place when a drug binds to its particular receptor. The molecular changes lead to further changes in physiological or psychological functions. Some drugs act as agonists whereas some act as antagonists. Agonists bind to a particular receptor and initiate a cellular response however on the other hand antagonists do not initiate any biological response. Pharmcodynamics is the study of the physiological and biochemical interaction of drug molecules with the molecular target which triggers an effect.

Navispare (Cyclopenthiazide & Amiloride Hydrochloride) acts on the distal renal tubule in the kidney (sodium-chloride transporter). Navispare consists of the two active ingredients in which each of them has a particular function. Cyclopenthiazide is a thiazide diuretic which functions by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium chloride and water at the distal renal tubule. This will therefore increase the amount of salts (Na+ + K+) and water filtered out of the blood.  Reducing the water content in the body will then reduce the pressure. Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic which belongs to the pyrazine carboxamide class. The Amiloride also acts on the distal part of the rental tubule. It increases the excretion of sodium and chloride ions and reduces the excretion of potassium. This is to prevent losing too much potassium. Both active ingredients work together to ensure that the correct level of potassium is maintained while reducing the blood pressure. Navispare is used to treat hypertension.

MabThera (Rituximab) acts by binding to the surface of a type of white blood cell (B lymphocyte). Rituximab binds to the transmembrane antigen (CD20) which is a non-glycosylated phosphoprotein located on the pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. When Rituximab binds to the white blood cell, it causes it to die. MabThera is used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis and Non-Hodgkins lymphoma.

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Zyban (Bupropion hydrochloride) acts by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain. Neurotransmitters are used in transmitting impulses from one nerve to another. Bupropion works by selectively inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of catecholamines (Noradrenaline + Dopamine). Noradrenaline and dopamine are the neurotransmitters responsible for moderating mood and other processes in the brain. Zyban is used to treat patients looking to quit smoking (with the aid of motivational support)

Singulair (Montelukast) acts by binding to leukotriene receptors in the human airway. Montelukast act as an antagonist by binding with high affinity and selectivity to leukotriene receptors. It functions by inhibiting the release of the chemicals produced by the ...

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