Ryanair PESTEL

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Ryanair's PESTEL

A. Political factors:

a. (70's, 80's, market oriented ideas such as: ) Deregulation of the Airline Industry, privatisation and competition- evolved from being public utilities to a market-driven industry with customer demand setting the levels of service and price. Consequently intense rivalry, intensified by new entrants (low cost), led to innovative business models and to crucial changes in the industry structure. And fares went down dramatically, which resulted in decreasing yields;

b. Iraq War;

c. Terror attack on the World Trade Centre (9/11)- next following days Ryanair had to cancel 279 flights, losing £1.9 milhions of euros;

d. Persian Gulf War in 1991;

e. Landing slots awarded by government institutions- after 9/11 governments reinforced security, increasing expenses and forcing airlines to push the tickets price up;

f. Monopolies legislation: CAA and their outdated equipment and bureaucratic procedures slow down airline companies;

g. Environmental protection laws

h. Taxation policy;

i. Foreign trade regulations;

j. Employment law;

k. Government stability;

l. Social welfare policies

B. Economical factors:

a. Worldwide economic recession;

b. Increase oil price (effected by wars (Iraq/Gulf ));

c. Alliances;