African Society. This study seeks to highlight why some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior.

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IS BEHAVIOUR INFLUENCE BY ALCOHOL

INTRODUCTION

This study seek to highlight why some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior. This case study analysis individual unit ( e.g a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to the study. The case study is common in social sciences and life sciences. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. The later type is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. They maybe prospective, in which criteria are established and cases fitting the criteria are included as they become available, or retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting cases from historical records for including in the study.

It also highlight how a belief in ancestors related to behavior (e.g overlooking ancestral directives, there by getting cursed and how some one blamed the behavior of some people on the names they were given from birth. The assertion that the person’s behavior after which a child was named determined the behavior of the person who bore the name afterwards. And the extent theory of nature/reflection in the case study.

Furthermore, this case study analyze the validity that behavior is a matter of tradition (e.g up bring of children by parents.

DEFINATION

According to Thomas (2011) “case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame- an object- within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates”

Silverman (2005) reveals that, rather than using samples following a rigid protocol (strict set of rules) to examine limited number of valuables, case study methods involve an in- depth, longitudinal (over a long period of time) examination of a single instance or  event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypothesis.

According to Lamneck (2005) another suggestion is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within it’s real- life context. Case study research means single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single- subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from qualitative case- study data. This also supported and well formulated in (Lamneck, 2005): “the case study is a research approach, situated between concrete data taking techniques and methodological paradigms”.

The case study is sometimes mistaken for the case method, but the two are not the same.          

Generalizing From case studies

Kyekye (1996) states that, a critical case can be defined as having strategic importance in relation to the general problem (e.g like in Mwense district research where some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior)

A critical case allows the following type of generalization, ‘if it is valid for this case, it is valid for all (or many) cases.’ In it’s negative form, the generalization would be, ‘if it is not valid in this case, then it is not valid for any (or only few) cases.’( Lamnek, 2005).

According to Karl popper, the case study is also effective for generalizing using the type of test called falsification, which forms part of critical reflexivity. Falsification is one of the most rigorous tests to which a scientific proposition can be subjected: if just one observation does not fit with the proposition it is considered not valid generally and must therefore be either revised or rejected. Popper him self used the now famous example, “All swans are white, and proposed that just one observation of a single black swan would falsify this proposition and this way have general significance and stimulate further investigations and theory- building. The case study is well suited for identifying “black swans” because of it’s in- depth approach: what appear to be “white” often turns on closer examination to be “black” By selecting cases strategically in this manner one may arrive at case studies that allow generalization (Flyrbjerg, 2006, P. 225-6).

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Misunderstandings about case study Research

According to Flyrbjerg (2006) identifies and corrects five prevalent misunderstanding about case study research:

  • General, theoretical Knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical knowledge.
  • One cannot generalize on the basis of an individual case and, therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development.
  • The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building.
  • The case study contains a bias towards verification, i.e, a tendency to comfirm the researcher’s preconceived notions.
  • It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories ...

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