ASSIGNMENT: PSY474V STUDENT NUMBER: 34769935 DefinitionExamplesEpistemologyEpistemology is the theory of knowledge. In fact, so far as I can tell, "epistemology" and "theory of knowledge" are used interchangeably in, for instance, college course catalogues. Epistemology, then, is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions concerning the nature, scope, and sources and origins and limits of knowledge. It must be noted that epistemology as a distinct branch of philosophy is of recent origin.Other refers to it as the study of the valid forms of knowledge. It comes from the Greek "episteme" which means knowledge. Usually Descartes is considered the first philosopher to seriously work in epistemology. The validity of knowledge was more or less taken for granted by previous philosophers. It was only when Descartes began to systematically doubt the veracity of knowledge that problems of knowledge became apparent.Epistemology is concerned with the possibility and extent of human knowledge and every scientific discipline that contributes to the collective efforts of human beings. It really deals with constructivism, that's a philosophical term. How we define truth, the knowledge that supports those truths.It is safe to say that every philosopher since the beginning of civilization has been concerned to some degree with epistemology. With careful scrutiny, philosophers attempt to differentiate truth from belief and appearances. Epistemology aims to provide a foundation for what we consider to be true knowledge.Many of the most important philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle maintained that knowledge is possible. Their epistemology rested on the ability to clearly differentiate between appearance and reality. For Plato, this epistemology was famously illustrated through his theory of forms. Aristotle’s
epistemology asserted that true knowledge could be attained through the examination of cause and effect, combined with the application of reason and logic.Other ancient philosophical schools, notably the skeptics, declared that any and all knowledge is impossible. For them, what we call knowledge is only considered belief at best. In other words, we can never be certain that anything is as it appears. The epistemology of the skeptics elicited a major response from other schools of philosophy, such as the stoics, that were devoted to the idea that knowledge is in fact possible.An example of this could be truth it ...
This is a preview of the whole essay
epistemology asserted that true knowledge could be attained through the examination of cause and effect, combined with the application of reason and logic.Other ancient philosophical schools, notably the skeptics, declared that any and all knowledge is impossible. For them, what we call knowledge is only considered belief at best. In other words, we can never be certain that anything is as it appears. The epistemology of the skeptics elicited a major response from other schools of philosophy, such as the stoics, that were devoted to the idea that knowledge is in fact possible.An example of this could be truth it self. How do we know that some thing is true? Do we have to experience it in order for us to conclude it to be true? Or is truth limited by technology, culture etc.Example: Very primitive tribe is unaware that fire can be started with a lighter. A foreigner shows the tribe the lighter and how he can switch the fire on and off. Tribe then assumes that the foreigner has special powers and is a God.For example: in mathematics, it is known that 2 + 2 = 4, but there is also knowing how to add two numbers. Many (but not all) philosophers therefore think there is an important distinction between "knowing that" and "knowing how", with epistemology primarily interested in the former.TheoryThe word “theory” means a number of different things, depending on the context. In the maths and sciences, for example, a theory is a tested and testable concept which is used to explain an occurrence. For students of the arts, “theory” refers to the non-practical aspect of their work, while laypeople refer to unproven ideas and speculation as theories. The multitude of meanings for this word can get confusing, but the intent is usually clear from the context; a mathematical paper talking about a theory, for example, is probably referring to a theory in the scientific sense. In mathematics, theories are bodies of knowledge about specific types of mathematics. Mathematicians use things like set theory in the course of their work. Theoretical mathematics can get quite complex and abstract, making it sometimes difficult for laypeople to understand, but it helps to explain everything from the movement of crowds to the origins of the universe.In English, the word dates back to 1592, when it was used to mean a concept or scheme. By the 1630s, scientists had co-opted the word, using it to describe an explanation or thought which was based on observation and testing “To theorize” also emerged at around the same time.In the sciences, theories are created after observation and testing. They are designed to rationally and clearly explain a phenomenon. Scientific theories are not quite the same thing as facts, but they are often very similar; scientists usually test their theories extensively before airing them, looking for obvious problems which could cause the theory to be challenged.In the arts, many artists refer to their non-practical work as theoretical. For example, a musician who plays the tuba would consider the study of music history, the math of music, and other related material “theory.” Art criticism is also a field of theory, since critics discuss artwork, rather than actively producing it, and through their discussions, they contribute to the overall field of art theory.For laypeople, a theory is simply an idea. Some people use “theory” like “hypothesis,” positing an idea which needs to be tested. At other times, an idea may be dismissed as “just a theory,” with the implication that it cannot be proven and it is only a rough idea, not a firm fact or opinion. theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena "theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses"; "true in fact and theory" hypothesis, possibility, theory (a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena) "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory"; "A fresh theory of alkalis was proposed that later was accepted in chemical practices" theory is a belief that can guide behavior) "the architect has a theory that more is less"; "they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales"For example, Isaac Newton came up with a theory about gravity in the 17th century, and the theory proved to be both testable and correct.ModelA miniature representation of a thing, with the several parts in due proportion; sometimes, a facsimile of the same size.Anything which serves, or may serve, as an example for imitation; as, a government formed on the model of the South African constitution, a model of eloquence, virtue, or behavior.That by which a thing is to be measured; standard.Any copy, or resemblance, more or less exact. The act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale) a simplified description of a complex entity or process; "the computer program was based on a model of the circulatory and respiratory systemssomething to be imitated; “an exemplar of success”; “a model of clarity”; he is the very model of a modern major general” TechniqueThe systematic procedure by which a complex or scientific task is accomplished. The way in which the fundamentals, as of an artistic work, are handled.Skill or command in handling such fundamentals. I would describe technique as an art of doing things or a way or a mechanic of accomplishing a task that is not immediately obvious. Hence Technology, the study of or a collection of techniques.Driving a manual car or a car is a technique, due to one has to follow steps to be able to move the car, see instructions below:Make sure the parking brake is engaged before starting the carPress down on the clutch pedal and then move the gearshift into the neutral position, Start the car. Keeping the clutch pedal down, put the car into first gear by moving the gearshift to the top-left position.Apply the foot brake and release the parking brake. Release the foot brake when you’re ready to start moving.Begin to release the clutch pedal slowly; when you hear or feel the engine begin to slow down, slowly press down on the gas pedal as you continue to release the clutch. The car will start to move forward. Accelerate until the car has reached about 3,000 rpm, then take your foot off the gas, press down on the clutch pedal, and pull the gearshift directly down through neutral to second gear. Be sure to pull the gearshift down until it can’t go any farther.Release the clutch pedal gently, simultaneously pressing down gently on the gas pedal. Repeat the shifting process each time you hit 3,000 rpm until you’re driving at the appropriate speed. (Third gear is up and to the right; fourth gear is all the way down from there; fifth gear is up to neutral, right and then up again.)Downshift by releasing the gas pedal when you want to decrease your speed. Press down on the clutch and move the gearshift through neutral into the next-lower gear (move down only one gear at a time). Once you’re in the lower gear, release the clutch slowly and brake as you do Stop the car by downshifting to second gear and applying the brakes. Apply the clutch just before the car stops. Don’t downshift into first.Drive in reverse by following the same steps you would for starting in first gear. The reverse gear engages more quickly than first gear, however, so be sure to release the clutch slowly and begin to press the gas pedal as soon as the car begins to move. References Becvar D.S,& Becvar R.J (2006). Family therapy: A systemic integration (6th Ed). Boston: Allyn & Bacon J. Angelo Racoma on January 24, 2007 Keith DeRose, Yale University;Dept. of Philosophy