Universal
Universal was a relatively minor studio, one of the ‘Little Three’ companies (the others being Columbia and United Artists), which lacked their own theatres and depended for exhibition outlets on the cinema circuits of the ‘Big Five’ (Warner Bros, RKO, Fox, Paramount and MGM), the vertically integrated majors. The company established itself in the 1920s under the ownership of Carl Laemmle and adapted its studio to sound production relatively early: by 1930, all of its releases were ‘talkies’. However by this time the recession which affected the entire film industry had forced Universal to re-examine its approach to film production.
In 1930 Carl Laemmle Jr, who had been put in charge of the studio by his father began a series of horror films, which became Universal’s speciality in the early 1930s, with the production of Dracula and Frankenstein. In the first few years of the decade, however, the effects of the Depression made themselves felt particularly keenly at Universal, the studio’s output decreased substantially, and during an industry wide strike the studio actually closed down for several months. In 1931 film budgets were cut, production schedules shortened and static ‘dialogue’ shooting emphasised at the expense of expressionist visual style.