AS and A Level: Markets & Managing the Economy
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- Marked by Teachers essays 10
- Peer Reviewed essays 11
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Explain and illustrate the roles played by profit in allocating scarce resources within the economy over time.
5 star(s)Hence, firms would allocate their resources to increase output till this point as reflected in the diagram A. As shown in Diagram A, producing at output level, Q1 would result in a profit earned reflected by the blue border box. However, the firm is not producing at the optimal output level of Q2 which generate the highest possible profit as reflected by the red border box. Hence, profit-driven firms would be motivated allocate more scarce resources to increase their output level to Q2 to maximize profits. Therefore, this shows that potential profit is able to drive allocation of scarce resources to achieve profits maximisation.
- Word count: 954
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Supermarkets in UK - An oligopily
5 star(s)The market average increase in sales over this period was 4.4%. Tesco hold an 'actual monopoly' over the industry, with 30.7% market share. The industry is currently worth �146.3bn and is predicted to grow to �175.9bn by 2014 according to 'UK Grocery Retail Outlook 2009 - Repositioning for Growth' Market share The market in which Tesco operates is supermarkets. Although this is a highly competitive one Tesco holds a disproportionate amount of power. The figures below indicate that Tesco holds over a third of the market share, and even double the amount of Asda's market share, the second leading supermarket.
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Discuss the merits of road pricing (25)
4 star(s)means of transport such as the train or tube, or they may simply think twice about using their car if it isn't necessary. The London congestion charge has, for example meant that congestion in the extended zone has decreased by 20% and there are 8-12% less vehicles being used on a daily basis that before the charge. Showing that road pricing has decreased congestion. The hypothecation of road pricing has meant that the �120 million raised per year can be spent on improving public transport services.
- Word count: 1868
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A free market is an economic system where the prices of goods and services are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.
4 star(s)Unlike public goods, merit goods are excludable. With merit goods such as healthcare, only those with sufficient income would be able to access the service and those who have insufficient income would not be able to access the good/service. This leads on to the next limitation of a free market, unequal distribution of income. In a free market economy, there is large unequal distribution of income because the income of most labourers is driven down by the high level of competition in the market. Those whose businesses are profitable and not forced down by competition are those with great wealth.
- Word count: 986
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Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of demand-side policies (fiscal and monetary policy)
4 star(s)Deflationary demand-side policies decrease aggregate demand in the event of aggregate demand running ahead of aggregate supply and posing inflationary risks or leading to an unsustainable deficit on the balance of payments. An example of when reflationary demand-side policies would be used is when aggregate demand is too low, so for instance when taxes are high and interest rates are high. The policies that would be used in order to shift out the aggregate demand curve would be lowering taxes and government spending, fiscal policy, and decreasing interest rates, monetary policy.
- Word count: 810
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Explain how the equilibrium level of output is determined in perfect competition. Both for the whole market and one firm within the market
4 star(s)There is also perfect information for the consumers and producers. Most importantly, in a perfectly competitive market, the firms aim to maximize profits, firms aim to sell where marginal costs meet marginal revenue, where they generate the most profit. Following on from above, an important idea from which equilibrium output is determined in perfect competition is that the firms main aims are to maximize profits. So, price taking from the firms guarantees, that when the firms maximize profits, by choosing the quantity they wish to produce and the combination of factors of production to produce it with, the market price will be equal to marginal cost.
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Comment on the statement that only carbon trading is likely to be an effective and efficient way of reducing C02 emissions.
3 star(s)"Developing countries would face a lower burden in reducing emissions than developed countries". This is because developed countries have more industries such as steal which require huge amounts of carbon to be exerted into the atmosphere, whereas developing countries won't have many of these industries and it will be easy for them to stay below their quota and may then even be able to sell their permits to more developed countries on the open market. You will also need tight limits on regulations, we need huge transfers of wealth to poorer countries to be effective as these countries may not be able to afford the permits if they end up going over their limit.
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a***s the extent to which the internet has made markets more competitive
3 star(s)Consumers who may be disadvantaged due to disabilities, age, time constraints and so on are those who use the internet the most to buy. Previously, these people would have found it difficult to buy, but with the internet comes these frequent buyers. Even people who would have normally bought from high street shops would have the option of buying from the internet. Usually, a lot of people go out and buy things to socialise with friends. These people might seek the internet to buy things on their own if they cannot go out with friends.
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Essay: Discuss whether the Basic Economic Problem will ever be solved
3 star(s)can use coal instead, where there are huge amounts of reserves all around the world and it would be available for a lot less than the price of oil. There is a question, if the northern countries in the world can survive without oil, as they themselves have little reserves, therefore are having to import it from other places in the world for huge prices, which reflects the price consumers have to pay for it, this is why countries' governments have to look for alternatives such as coal, nuclear power and renewable energy.
- Word count: 1175
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Is the existence of a monopoly against The public interest?
5 star(s)In this market structure it is also assumed profits are maximised and there is consumer rationality. Traditionally monopoly is thought to be a potentially harmful market structure with unwelcome consequences for the consumer and the economy. Competition has always therefore been seen to be desirable. It could be said therefore to be against the public interest. However there are arguments not only against monopolies but also for their existence. One of the main arguments against monopolies is that they raise prices, restrict output and therefore exploit consumers.
- Word count: 1068
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Outline the argument for and against smoking ban
4 star(s)So they want people to consume where the pink lines meets the green line. MSB = MSC (5 a day). Below 5 a day both the MSC and MPC are below MPB and MSB. So both society and the individual wants to consume the good. Above 10 a day the MSC and the MPC are above the MSB and the MPB so neither the individual or society wants more than 10 cigarettes a day. However in between 5 and 10 cigarettes a day, the MSC is above the MSB so society does not want to have that many cigarettes.
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The effect of Trade Unions on causing Labour Market Failure Today
3 star(s)Trade union have, for many years been a major cause of LMF and to an extent, still are.since their inception, trade unions main aim has been to increase wage rate for workers.
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What are the main characteristics of a free market economy and a centrally planned economy?
3 star(s)Second, in the resource market, households provide firms with the factors of production (land, labour and capital etc.) they demand in order to produce their output. But, these inputs are not free, so every firm face costs in acquiring them, so when they choose the products they produce, they must consider the cost of the products and production. Every producer is willing to reduce the cost and make the maximum profit. But, this will cause a problem in such situation, there will be some black-hearted producers that use the bad material in the production, like the dirty oil event in China, that is because the oil producer overdoes reducing the costs, and the mangers of restaurants are also
- Word count: 751
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To what extent is Price elasticity of demand useful in a companies planning decisions?
3 star(s)The price elasticity of demand depends on several factors. The most important factors are whether the product concerned is produced by a monopoly industry or by a competitive industry structure where there exist many substitutes. For example if say in a mobile telephone market there exist many companies competing and customers can switch to other companies with little switching costs then the demand for the product will be most probably elastic. However, if there is considerable switching costs then the demand will be inelastic.
- Word count: 416
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Income and Price Elasticity of Demand
3 star(s)Normal Good Normal goods are when demand for a product rises, income levels rise. Necessities and luxuries are normal goods. Examples of necessity would be toilet roll. Examples of luxury goods are expensive cars and designer clothes. Between 0 and +1 is a normal necessity. Greater than +1 is a superior/luxury good. Example In this current climate people income decreased and started to buy more inferior goods. E.g. Before the recession people would have bought Andrex toilet roll, however in the recession they would have bought supermarkets own brand toilet roll which would be a lot cheaper.
- Word count: 590
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Market Economies- characteristics and examples.
3 star(s)The price in this case and the demand of the product from people determines decision of what is to be produced or taken. The price in this case acts to indicate the market value of resources. The government has a very restricted part to play in that it should control national defence, act against monopolies, issue money, raise taxes and protecting the rights of the private sector. Examples of Countries under Market Economy are United States of America (USA) - leading in their support for market economy have many laws such as anti-monopoly laws that restrict free competition, which is essential for a pure market economy.
- Word count: 891
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There's no such thing as a free lunch
3 star(s)The definition of trade-offs is giving up something to get something. Getting a free week of yoga at Corepower Yoga is great, but what if a different yoga center is better? Corepower Yoga does many hot yoga classes. This means that the room will be heated up to one hundred and five degrees and the humidity turned up to fifty percent. This could create a lot of discomfort and strain to new yoga users that they are not ready for.
- Word count: 556
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income distribution
3 star(s)Although the gap still exists from a series of factors. A rise in earnings inequality can cause income inequality. This is due to a fall in demand for unskilled and semi-skilled labour and a rise in demand for skilled labour because of deindustrialisation, where resources have been shifted from secondary to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, so thus, skilled labour is needed. In the UK this happened as we lost our wage and price competitiveness to developing countries, causing structural unemployment in the secondary sector industry. Therefore the income gap widens as skilled labour productivity widens, and thus, so do wages.
- Word count: 482
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Describe what we mean in economics by the word incentive. Provide examples of perverse incentives and discuss their impact on the economy.
This shows that a strong incentive is one that achieves what is carried out to be a significant goal and if this goal is to maximise production, then a strong incentive will be on that motivates workers to produce goods and services at full capacity using maximum efficiency that is possible. The government giving subsidies to farmers allows them to manage their cost of production and gives them the ability to present their goods at a reasonable price in the market to attract consumers.
- Word count: 975
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Herd Behavior in Financial Markets
D. Hamilton's theory animals are forming a group to reduce the danger of being hunted by predictors. As a unit, they are moving together to the same direction. Animals are behaving in the same way to minimize the risk on the behalf of self-protection. Maybe this kind of behavior sounds rational if the result is always optimistic but copying your neighbor can be the worst decision sometimes. When something goes wrong and someone leads the group to the wrong direction, the whole group is going to be in danger. Human Herd Behavior However, human herd behavior is much more complicated than animals' one and several scholars tried to explain it.
- Word count: 2070
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Explain the Environmental effects of increased demand for road & air transport
An example of the environmental effects of increased demand for road an air transport would be: The USA and China are the worlds greatest polluters, and in the case of china, the fastest growing emitter of greenhouse gasses. Emerging economies such as Poland and India are also growing contributors to global emissions of CO2 although largely through industrialisation it is also a result of rising vehicle ownership levels. Overall, the UK is responsible for around 4% of all CO2 levels worldwide.
- Word count: 693
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Evaluate the role played by barriers to entry in the long run
Cost Tactics - Linking with pricing strategies, business who have been in the market for a long time, who have had experience in the field will have learnt ways in which to cut costs Advertising and Marketing - Companies that are already established in a market and have spent money in advertising and marketing making their products successful pose a threat on new companies making their entry into the market harder as they already have a loyal customer base. Economies of Scale - Economies of scale is a further barrier to entry that stops smaller, less experienced firms from entering
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MARKET REPORT: Mobile phone recycling. For a while now, many companies have been exploiting the environmentally-friendly angle in an attempt to increase sales.
Although mechanisms to recycle phones were already in place before this market began, there was not enough financial incentive to surrender old phones, not enough publicity and inefficient recycling infrastructure. The market for mobile recycling has increased rapidly, with industry experts predicting a mobile phone recycling volume of over 10 million handsets in 2010, and increase of over 25% from 2009. This report has been compiled in order to assess what kind of market the mobile phone recycling market is, and how contestable it is.
- Word count: 985
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Is the Government to Blame for Higher Petrol Prices?
I will look in the short term to see why in this moment in time prices seem to be at this high levels and questioning are these prices high enough to reflect the true cost of Petrol? Petrol prices are often cited in newspapers and TV and my aim is to look behind the headlines and try to establish the economic basis behind these. ECONOMIC THEORIES (Applicable to Petrol Prices) Price Elasticity of Demand for Oil (Product) Refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price.
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To make a decision whether to work or not a rational individual has to estimate possible costs and benefits and advantages of being an employee.
Of course, every case is very individual, but in order to make an approximate estimation and draw conclusion I will consider an average situation. Actually the costs are very similar for every person employed in the market. They usually include transportation costs, cost of clothing, cost of eating outside and some psychological costs. Let us consider them in more details. Assuming that a student starts to work, his/her transportation costs will likely include cost of going by metro and probably by municipal transport.
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