“Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O no! it is an ever-fixed mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken.” (Shakespeare)
Shakespeare talks about his ideal love and marriage. Keats, being a reader of Shakespeare, is in some way affected or inspired by him. Shakespeare describes love as an “ever-fixed marks” that “is never shaken” even in the wildest storms. Keats transformed Shakespeare’s “ever-fixed” into steadfastness.
Keats then moves on to talk about a more sexual and sensuous love. With more explicit descriptions of “my [his] fair love’s” body parts, those descriptions hint the idea of sex and orgasm. He imagines himself “pilliow’d upon my fair love’s ripening breast”. The word “ripening” gives a notion of youth, implicating that the lady is young and energetic. Keats also describes the rising and falling of her chest when she takes her “tender-taken breath”. If he could, he would “so live ever”. However, it is impossible to live forever and the only solution would be “swoon to death”. Keats did not explicitly tell the readers what it means to be “swoon to death” and leave us a lot of room for imaginations. The word “swoon” and other erotic images of the lady’s body parts bring us to the subtext of the poem – sex. La petite mort is a French idiom or euphemism for orgasm, meaning little death. According to Oxford Dictionaries, “swoon” means “to enter a state of ecstasy or rapture”. Whether he intended to talk about sex at the end of the poem is still indefinable as we have no idea of what Keats was thinking when he wrote the poem. Though Keats did not write any overly sexual poetry, there is always a strong erotic indication in many of his works. If the sexual subtext is intended in the poem, I believe that it creates a nice denouement to the poem.
Keats’ obsession with death and his love for Fanny are intertwined seamlessly throughout the poem. In one of his letters, he states “I have two luxuries to brood over in my walks, your loveliness and the hour of my death” (Poet.org). Not only is Keats intimidated by death, to some extent he is also intrigued by it. Even though he is worried about the approaching death, to him the promise of death is comforting and soothing. The only resolution to achieve the paradoxical ideal of being eternal as well as experiencing love is death. Through death, immutability and steadfastness can be achieved. Keats has seen many people died in his lifetime. His father died when he was eight; his mother died from tuberculosis when he was 14; his brother Tom died also from tuberculosis when he was 19. Along with his family’s deaths, he has also seen a lot of patients died as he was also a medical student. Therefore, constantly seeing people die in a way reminds him of the transience and the mutability of life. There are some religious references in the second quatrain of the poem. All these references, other than conveying the loneliness and the solitude of the star, also illustrate his longing for the promising death. The poem was written in 1819, the same year when Keats contracted with tuberculosis. The word “ablution” is heavily loaded with connotations, both religion and about death. From the Oxford Dictionary, “ablution” refers to the washing or cleansing of the body”. In Christianity, there are different forms of ablution and one of them is the preparation before the burial of a dead person. Here Keats is hinting that his death is near and the priest will cleans his body after his death with “the moving waters”. Further Keats also mentions the “soft-fallen mask/Of snow” in the following two lines. Seasons always act as symbols of different stages of human life in literature. Spring refers to birth or new beginning; summer means maturity; autumn represents old age while winter symbolizes death. In line 7-8, with “the mountains and moors” covered in snow, such explicit image suggests that death is approaching. Though death is coming, Keats is not browbeaten. Yet, he is fascinated with death as it helps him to accomplish the co-existence of eternity and love.
Bright Star is a poem that can be read on many different levels. To me, the poem is not merely a declaration of his ardent love for Fanny Brawne. It is also an expressive lyric poem addressing his awe as well as obsession with death. The main themes of the poem are smoothly woven together and this showcases Keats’ expressiveness and his wit.
Works Cited
Keats, John. Bright Star. n.d.
Oxford Dictionaies. Oxford Dictionaries. <http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/>.
Poet.org. Selected Love Letters to Fanny Brawne by John Keats. 17 October 2013 <http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/21012>.
Shakespeare. Sonnet 116. n.d.