Grassland - The mark and recapture method.
GRASSLAND: MARK AND RECAPTURE TECHNIQUE INTRODUCTION The mark and recapture method is used in science to estimate the population size of mobile animals and other vertebrates. There are many methods used and each is more accurate under different circumstances. The method used in this assignment is the Lincoln - Peterson Method. How this method works is that a number of individuals in a population are captured and marked in some way that is identifiable and then released. METHOD . A site, of 60m long, is chosen at random for the investigation. 2. The site is split in to 6 sections and assigned to each group. 3. Groups have 15 minutes to capture a random sample of the population, mark individuals, and release them so that they remix with the rest of the population. * When animals are marked, precautions are made to use methods that will not harm the animal in any way or that would jeopardize its chances of survival once released again. For example: when working with snails, they are given a small dot of polish on their shell. 4. After 24 hours, groups then capture another sample of animals in the same area for 15 minutes. 5. Captured animals are counted and the number that are marked, as well as those that are not marked, are recorded. * It is expected that if the population is large there would be relatively few animals recaptured. On the other hand, in a small
Why did population grow so rapidly in the eighteenth-century and why did Malthus's predictions not come true?
Why did population grow so rapidly in the eighteenth-century and why did Malthus's predictions not come true? There is no doubt that there was a great acceleration in population growth during the 18th century in Britain. In this essay I will look into the causes and effects of this, also why the effect was not a Malthusian catastrophe. The economist Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) was famous for his pessimistic views on population growth. He wrote in his paper Essay on the Principles of Population (1798) 'Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio' (Malthus 1798). Malthus had obviously observed the increase in the acceleration of the population growth and foresaw a natural barrier to sustained growth in the form of 'checks' on the population. He outlined two forms of these limitations on growth 'positive' and 'preventive' checks. Positive checks raise mortality; normally associated with food prices, as the population grows food gets scarcer, therefore more expensive, real income falls and malnutrition or even famine follow resulting in a population decrease, food prices fall...and so on. Malthus put forward this cyclical movement. Other factors such as disease and war would also come into this category. Preventive checks are checks which lowered fertility, for example people not being able
For China, evidence would indicate that its population size, structure and distribution are currently unsustainable in terms of it's medium/long term development. In geographical terms, they are experiencing regional over-population."
China: Population and Development Essay "Opportunities and constraints will arise from a large, unevenly distributed population. For China, evidence would indicate that its population size, structure and distribution are currently unsustainable in terms of it's medium/long term development. In geographical terms, they are experiencing regional over-population." The current total population of the world is about 6.5 billion1 and will continue to grow by another billion by the end of the century. China is considered to be the most populous country in the world with the total population of 1.2 billion, which makes up one-fifth of the world's total population. However, China, only having a population density of 136/km²2,does not have the highest population density in the world because of the country's vast land resources. China is the world's fourth largest country with land area of 9.6 million km²3 but 2.6 million km²4 of the land is affected by desertification. The land resources are limited for the increasing population of China and this will cause un-sustainability for further developments. The population of China is unevenly distributed5, with more in the east than in the west. Most of the population is crowded along the Pacific coast and along several fertile river valleys that extend inland, such as Yangtze River and Huang He. The northwestern part of China is
What is the day of 'six billion?'
What is the day of 'six billion?' ON 12 OCTOBER the international community will observe the Day of the Six Billion, recording the fact that the world is in the third millennium with an unprecedented six thousand million inhabitants. The last fifty years have been unique in terms of the numbers added to humankind. The population of our planet was: * Only 2.5 thousand million in 1950. The growth will be markedly slower in future, but in terms of absolute numbers the increase of the next half-century might equal that of the preceding one: * a global population between 7.3 and 10.7 thousand million is expected in 2050, with 8.9 thousand million deemed the most likely figure in the present state of our forecasting capabilities. Population issues in agricultural and rural development How do population issues relate to food security and the development of rural societies? Some examples of important linkages are: Population growth-Intro The six billion people in the world today have, on average, more food per person than has ever been available on the globe, yet decline in the number of the undernourished is painfully slow. During 2000-2050 the population of developing regions is expected to grow by another 59%. A decline in population growth rates has started in most developing countries is welcome. But to strengthen food security large increases in food production
The AutoMobile
The AutoMobile Irfan Khokhar The automobile was not invented by Henry Ford but he brought it mainstream and developed ways of producing it more efficiently and cheaply. He built his first car in 1896 at home in his garage. Symbolic of the American century to come, the door of the shed was too small and bricks had to be removed to make way for the car but this was the start of a new trend and a prospering industry, which was primed at the peak of the boom. The automobile had come to seem a necessity, rather than an economic luxury. People were willing to sacrifice food, clothing, and their savings in order to keep the family car. A famous promotional quote said by Henry Ford: "Americans can have any kind of car they want, and any color they want, as long as it's a Ford, and as long as it's black." There were also many knock-on effects after the mainstream production of the automobile these are some: Economic Effects of the Automobile: Growth of other industries was promoted, especially petroleum, rubber, and steel because of the new production demand. A national system of highways was created. Automobiles required better roads. After WWI, federal funds became available for building highways and a major industry was born. Created new service facilities. Filling stations, garages and roadside restaurants sprang up. Motels (the word itself is a blend of 'motor'
Changes Made By The Industrial Revolution.
Changes Made By The Industrial Revolution In mid 18th century Britain, 7 million people lived in small rural villages. Farming was the main occupation for workers at this time. Apart from London there were no cities and no factories. Woollen cloth, coal mining and iron were main industries. The years between 1750 - 1850 are known as the First Industrial Revolution. In this period of time, the population of Britain trebled to 21 million people. In 1850 coal mining, iron and steel, cotton, wool and shipbuilding were now the most important industries. Between 1850 - 1880, Britain was the world's leading industrial country, sometimes called 'The Workshop Of The World'. By 1880 USA, and Germany began to challenge Britain and with the industry still growing, now producing cars, bicycles, electrical engineering and chemicals, this was now called The Second Industrial Revolution. In the early 18th century woollen cloth was the most important industry in Britain. But because the population grew so rapidly the demand for cloth was more. The domestic system could not cope with this demand and therefore lost its place to the cotton textile industry. Old looms were replaced by new machines, which were much faster and more reliable. Richard Arkwright's water frame made a huge change in the industry. From now on spinning was to be done at mills (factories) built by the sides of fast
Singapore as a destination for tourism
Singapore Singapore, a vibrant, multi-cultural, sophisticated city-state where tradition and modernity, East and West, meet in comfortable companionship. Brief History As you may already know, Singapore became and Independent Republic in 1965. Going back to the 14th Century, this small but strategically placed island was known as 'Singa Pura' or in translation, 'Lion City'. During the 18th Century, The British saw this island as being very convenient for them to feed, refit and protect their mighty fleet, as well as forestalling any advances by the Dutch in the region. Sir Stamford Raffles soon established Singapore as a trading station. The policy of free trade attracted merchants from all over the world to Singapore. By 1824, just five years after the founding of modern Singapore, its population had grown from 150 to 10,000 inhabitants. Shortly after becoming an English colony, during the 19th Century, its population had grown from 150 to 10,000 inhabitants! Over three million now live in this overpopulated, tiny island. And so that is how Singapore came to exist. Singapore Today However, Singapore today had emerged into a thriving Centre of commerce and industry. Singapore is not just one island, but it is a main island with over 60 surrounding islets. The main island has a total of about 640 square kilometres. In just 150 years, Singapore now boasts the
Is London a successful megacity?
Is London a successful megacity? London, the capital of England is home to 8million people. It is the UK's biggest city on all scales and over 300 languages are spoken within the capital. In 2012 the Olympic Games are to be held by London. London is located in the south east of England. London's population rapidly increased in the 19th century. In this time period the population grew from 1million to 6.7million which made London one of the worlds largest and most dominate city. This meant London was one of the biggest political forces, economical sector and trading area in the world. A range of factors led to the rapid increase of London's population such as the industrial revolution. This occurred in the 18th to 19th century and saw a massive increase in the output of resources especially sectors such as farming, mining, textiles, railways and the electrical grid. The first railway line which was built in 1836 which linked Greenwich to London Bridge was the start of a network of railways which followed soon after which was to change London and the surrounding areas for the better. Shortly after there was a train line to ever part of London such as Fenchurch, King's Cross and Paddington station which are still running now. This enabled huge growth in London and the surrounding area due to better connection routes now available to the who capital. Railways weren't just
With reference to a named country, evaluate attempts to manage population change
With reference to a named country, evaluate attempts to manage population change (15 marks) Thailand is located in south-east Asia, It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Cambodia and to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia. Mechai Viravaidya was a key influence in the change of population policy in Thailand, he came into government in 1973; he recognised that the fertility rate at the present time was not sustainable. In 1974 he set up the PDA or Population Development Association. It is arguable that at this time that Thailand was an LEDC where as now it is more commonly referred to as a Newly Industrialised Country (NIC), the faster transition through the demographic transition model may be a result of the change in population control. It was Mechai Viravaidya's plan to promote the use of contraception (formerly seen as a taboo subject) and family planning in order to control population development. The threat of Aids and HIV also became apparent to Viravaidya and the government; this gave him fresh impetus for his scheme. There were many successes of the program; this was attributable to a number of factors. Mechai's creativity helped to gain support such as free drinks after a vasectomy. This coupled with the willingness and openness of the Thai people allowed new ideas to thrive. The government gave Mechai the resources and support he
Why was Russia such a backward country in the end of the 19th century?
Luciana Machado 3.12.04 IB History - yr2 Why was Russia such a backward country in the end of the 19th century? The Tsarist state inherited by Nicholas II consisted of many weakenessesm, largely of political problems, social weaknesses and tensions, faults in the economy and other factors that all combined to make Russia a backward state. Russia's problems went as follow: The agrarian situation was a something that no matter how many changes acurred, yet they remained repressed and backward in several important aspects. The government in Russia had been bankrupt following the Crimean War and so transferred the large debt to the freed peasants. These debts were made worse by the inflated land values in the black soil and non-black soil provinces in Russia which also exacerbated the high interest payments on the peasants debts. The Emancipation Decrees of Alexander II also caused a stir as ex-serfs still bore a temporary obligation to their former masters until late 1881. Even though there was greater access to lands, the peasants became more empoverished, especially in the black soil provinces of the south where the holdings of ex-serfs fell by about 25%. The empoverishment grew also from the loss of many customary rights to woodland and to common pasture. The virtual doubling of peasant population from 68 million in 1859 to 125 million in 1897 resulted in many people
