Geography revision - flooding - Urbanisation - Population problems
Case studies : . Mississippi Flood 1993 2. European Flooding 1994-5 3. Bangladesh Flooding 4. 3 Dams Flood Control 5. Sea Pollution North Sea 6. Braer Disaster 1993 7. Raw Material Orientated Industry St Helens 8. High Technology Industry Livingstone New Town 9. Bluewater Regional Shopping Centre 0. Docklands 1. Peterborough Traffic Problems 2. Counter-Urbanisation Woodbury Devon 3. Rural to Urban Migration in Brazil 4. Bangladesh Shanty Towns 5. Sierra Leone Population Problems 6. Sweden Population Decrease 7. China Population Policies 8. Mexico to USA immigration 9. Amazon Rainforest 20. African Fuelwood Crisis 21. Impact of Changing energy on Holmewood North Derbyshire 22. South Korea This is the complete list of all the case studies by Rebeca . Mississippi Flood 1993 High risk: Prone to flooding, many tributaries & for much of course is above flood plains Causes: Cool dry Canalan air combines with unstable air from the Gulf of Mexico Heavy rain saturates flood basin - April Thunderstorms & flash floods lead to heavy rain and run off - June Record rainfall on already saturated ground - July Effects: Bridges washed away and levees collapse, which protected towns Roads and railways collapse (only 1 road bridge open, no rail) Cities flood ruining property and river traffic stops Farmland becomes unworkable leading to loss of income
Analyse the failures of the One Child Policy in China.
Analyse the failures of the One Child Policy In 1950 China's population was around 0.6 billion and the states attitude was that every birth was a valuable addition to national resources and power. By 1975 total population was over 0.9 billion with a birth rate of around 30 per thousand. The government realised that such growth would lead to famine and starvation on a massive scale, so the one child policy was introduced in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping to try and solve the problem of overpopulation. It's main purpose was to make sure that China could support its large population with facilities such as healthcare, education, housing, good jobs and most importantly, food. The aim was to reduce poverty and to improve overall quality of life for the people. Under the policy, each couple that lives in a city should only have one child. Penalties for having more children have included fines totalling ten years' wages, loss of employment and a denial of the second child's education and medical services. Also older people were employed to spy on younger generations to make sure they were going along with the rules of the One Child Policy, they were known as the "Granny Police". In more rural areas the policy remained as advice and guidance to the people; in other areas the policy was strictly enforced by local authorities. The One Child Policy didn't all go to plan with China's
To what extent is health and education valid as measures of development?
A To what extent is health and education valid as measures of development? There are many indicators ranging from health to social care each showing a small puzzle o the current state of the country. Many factors influence a countries development, each showing a different side. A total picture can often be hard to put together, and certain indicators show a grater picture than others. Measuring development in terms of education and health is very common for comparison on a global scale it gives information about a range of global problems but in order to measure fairly the indicators must show a realistic image. Healthcare and education include a range of development indicators from infant mortality to life expectancy and from adult literacy rates to university graduates. Education is the most influential factor it will inevitably affect life expectancy, the economy, and even infant mortality. The brains of people are a much valuable resource in all countries around the world. The only way a country can maximise this resource is too fuel the minds of the people to promote innovation and create a sustainable economy. The countries future will be in the hands of the young, and it only makes sense that a high class education system is the only thing that can ensure the continuous success or solution of a countries development status. A strong education system shows that the
There are several geological factors, which led to Glasgow's importance
What have been Glasgow's urban problems? What have been the solutions? What are the recent changes? * Geog factors led to Glasgow's importance * Decline in ship building etch, moved due to cheap labour elsewhere * Slum conditions * Comprehensive redevelopment? Uphill 1970s - what problems with it * Renovate * Regeneration There are several geological factors, which led to Glasgow's importance. Firstly, there were many nearby coal and iron fields. These are the two essential ingredients required to produce steel, making Glasgow an ideal place for industry. On top of this, there is a very deep, large river (R. Clyde) running right into the heart of Glasgow and out the other side. This provoked heavy ship industry in the area, as well as train building and bridge construction. (eg. Kingston Bridge, built across the R. Clyde, 1970, and Clyde Tunnel 1963, which linked the two sides of Glasgow.) However, Glasgow soon began to face many problems. Glasgow relied heavily on the World economy, to buy and sell goods, and the moment the World economy slipped (great depression 1929) many businesses closed. This lead to all sorts of declines in industry, especially heavy industry, such as ship building, which moved elsewhere where the labour was cheaper, and profits greater. Living conditions were declining at a very high rate. Terraced housing was literally decaying, and people
Population Challenge
POPULATION - A FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR AUSTRALIA Current and Future Australian Population Trends and their Implications Growth Rates Since the beginning of the 20th century, Australia's population has increased five-fold, this will increase to between 24-28 million in 50 year's time, with the pace falling in about ten years time (Figure1). The highest growth occurred after WWII and the lowest in the 1930s coinciding with the Great Depression (Table1). Natural increase has attributed to two-thirds of Australia's population; fertility and morality rates have undergone significant changes due to increasing proportions of couples restricting their family size to one, two or no kids at all and falls in mortality rates of children and of mothers in childbirth. The third factor contributing to population growth, overseas migration has fluctuated substantially playing a significant role in absolute numbers and the number of their children. Age Structure Throughout the last century the population has aged steadily, apart from a reversal in the 1947-1971's post-war baby boom. Projections indicate that Australia's population will continue to age, an inevitable result of low fertility levels and increasing life expectancy. This means that more Australians will be retiring from the labour force than joining in the future. Spatial Distribution Australian's population have mainly
Estimating Population Size Using Lincoln Index
Name: Farah Nadzirah binti Rosli Class : ALM7M13 Title: Estimating Population Size Using Lincoln Index Objective: To estimate the population size using Lincoln Index Background Summary: The capture-mark-recapture is a technique for estimating the size of a population of organisms. A sample of the population is taken and these organisms are marked in some way so that they can be identified later. They are then released and allowed to disperse into the population. A second sample is then taken and the numbers of marked organisms recaptured, and those captured that are unmarked are recorded. A formula, referred to as the Lincoln Index, is then used to estimate the total population size. There are numbers of important assumptions in this method: * The mark has no effect on the organisms * The mark persist during the investigation * The marked organisms disperse randomly throughout the whole population * The population is closed, that is no migration of organism * No birth or death during the investigation The formula for the Lincoln Index: N = the estimated total population size S1 = the number of organisms marked and released S2 = the number of organisms captured in the second sample R = the number of marked organisms recaptured Besides of that, random sampling using a quadrat can also be used to estimate the number of species in one place. A quadrat
To map the land Use of Skipton and see if it relates to Urban Models.
5/07/01 Land Use Vaqas Aslam AIM To map the land Use of Skipton and see if it relates to Urban Models. HYPOTHESES ) Skipton will fit the Burgess model (Concentric Rings). 2) Skipton will fit Hoyt's model (sector model). METHOD We were all given a map of a 1//5 of Skipton; we had to go around our designated area collecting land use information using the following categories. S - Shops / Offices I - Industry L - Low Classed Housing (Terraced) M - Middle Class Housing H - High Class Housing O - Open Space INTERPRETATION Hypotheses 1 - Skipton will fit the Burgess Model.(Concentric Ring) This hypotheses proved to be wrong as the land use does not fit the concentric ring pattern. Hypotheses 2 - Skipton will fit Hoyt's Model (sector model) This hypothesis is true as the land use is in sectors. You have a sector with open space an area with high-class housing and then an area with low class housing and etc. CONCLUSION The first hypotheses was wrong, as the land use did not fit the concentric ring model. The second hypotheses was proved correct as the land use was organised in sectors. CRITIQUE I think that this is the only result that I can get for this investigation, as the results won't change
What the current issues are in the next 25 years and what policies should we encourage!
What the current issues are in the next 25 years and what policies should we encourage! The UK I the next 25 years there will be an influx on the population structure in the UK. At the moment the UK has reached stage 5 in the demographic transition model. The reason for this is because fewer children are being born and the birth rate is now almost identical to the death rate. An average birth rate of at least two children per adult female is needed for a stable population growth. At the moment it is 1.7. This means that 0.3 too few children are being born if we are to keep the population numbers level. There are many reasons for this. They are firstly, more people choosing to stay single (independent), the further emancipation of women giving females the choice of whether to have children or not: or later in life - influencing them to have only one child, and the change in views about lifestyle ie. Wanting material possessions rather than incurring the costs of raising a family. However, the general increase in the quality of life has resulted in people living longer, which also have an effect on the overall population figures. Free national healthcare has improved, both of which have had a direct influence on increasing the ageing population. A better overall standard of living e.g. Housing, food etc... - has also eliminated many of the problems which caused early death.
Case study of migration into Mexico City.
Case study of migration into Mexico City. At least 16 million people live in Mexico City and the numbers are increasing daily. Most of the people moving into the city are rural to urban migrants. People living in the rural areas of Mexico usually decide to move to Mexico City. This is due to the absence of employment, basic amenities such as hospitals and schools and entertainment in the rural areas. Some families leave the countryside because they are only able to produce enough food for themselves and are not making any money. This is called subsistence farming. There are many negative factors that push the people living in rural areas to go live in Mexico City. These are all reasons what people move to Mexico City: Push Factors Pull Factors High unemployment rate Employment opportunities Overpopulation Money to be made Very few schools Better schools Not much running water Better hospitals No sufficient health care Good Entertainment Trade and communication is difficult Poverty Mexicans who want to move from the rural areas to Mexico City usually don't go directly from their own small village to Mexico City. They step migrate. This is when the people move from a small village to a bigger one. They then go on to a town and eventually reach Mexico City. Life for a migrant in Mexico City is very difficult. When they first arrive in Mexico City they usually
Explain how social, economical and political factors affect fertility and mortality.
Grace Lau 17th November 03 Explain how social, economical and political factors affect fertility and mortality Population is all the inhabitants of one particular place and it is a key issue in the current world because the rise, fall or plateau in a population affects everyone within that place. There are three main components that change the population: fertility, mortality and migration. Births and deaths are labelled as what cause the natural increase or decrease in a population; however, migration is another reason why a population is constantly changing. The population in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) are currently the highest and is still continuing to grow at present whereas the population in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) is relatively high, but is gradually slowing to a steady rate. Below are two population pyramids that show the population in an MEDC (UK) and an LEDC (Zimbabwe) and the number of males to females within each country in the year 2000: The two population pyramids are typical representations of MEDCs and LEDCs and both are continuously changing. Firstly, the graphs show that most of the UK's population is middle-aged whereas most of Zimbabwe's population are young, between 0 and 19 years. Why is this? There are many answers to explain this contrast but the emphasis is on fertility and mortality. There
