What is meant by the terms core and periphery?
Core and Periphery Essay - Simon Standfast What is meant by the terms core and periphery? The term core refers to the economic centre of the country by which is meant areas that are more affluent and more dynamic i.e. growth rates are higher, there are greater rates of change and innovation. Also education standards are higher and a greater percentage in employment. More generally GDP per person is higher. There is more of a concentration of hi-tech and other lead sector industries. in Britain the core of the country is in London and South East England extending along the M4 corridor including towns such as Reading and Newbury (where the new Vodaphone headquarters have recently been built) The core is also often considered to extend to 'silicon fenn' around Cambridge. Some commentators would see the core extending along the axis of the M1/M6 to Birmingham. The periphery is characterised by lower household incomes, lower employment rates, low levels of inward investment reducing the population as the younger, more active people leave to work in cities that have more opportunities for them. Such areas in Britain have been recipients EU aid such as regional development grants often to assist in the establishment of new service industry sometimes replacing now obsolete primary industry such as coal mining, china clay extraction, or secondary industry such as iron and steal
Explain threats to biodiversity
With reference to named examples, describe and explain the threats to biodiversity in coral ecosystems. Coral reefs include some of the most biologically rich ecosystems and are home to over 25% of all known marine fish, despite only occupying 0.18% of the world's marine environments. Coral reefs are useful to us in various ways. A few being that the reefs are good sources of medicine, provide 25% of commercial fish catch and provide ideal habitats for education and scientific research. However the coral reefs are under threat for a number of reasons. These valuable ecosystems are degrading fast under the pressure of many human activities. For example Coastal development, sedimentation, overfishing, global warming, and marine pollution each pose a threat to coral reefs. One threat to the Coral Reefs is Overfishing. Fisheries in the Caribbean are often open access with few regulations and the location and distribution of the fish can be highly predictable. This means that the Caribbean Coral reefs are particularly at risk to overfishing. Especially in parts of the Eastern Caribbean as there is often more fisheries competing in a larger area. The traps and fishing line used by these fishermen can damage reefs through breaking up corals. Also, fishermen typically target the largest fish on the reef as these are the ones that have the highest market value. The reduction of
Just in Time (JIT), as a survival strategy for the manufacturing industry against fierce global market competition.
CONTENTS . Introduction 2 2. How Just in Time evolved? 3 3. What is Just in Time 5 3.1 Goals of JIT 3.2 Elements of JIT 3.3 JIT Implementation 3.4 Problems in Implementing JIT 3.5 Benefits from JIT 4. Success stories 8 5. JIT in the West 10 6. Who may not benefit fully from using JIT? 12 7. Technologies and Concepts that originated from JIT 14 7.1 KAIZEN 7.2 Lean Manufacturing 8. References 16 9. Appendix 18 INTRODUCTION Just in Time (JIT) has often been considered as a survival strategy for the manufacturing industry against fierce global market competition. The three words say it all, everything happens just in time. For example, consider my journey to college this morning, I could have left my house, just-in-time to catch a bus to the college, just-in-time to arrive at my college, just-in-time to pick up my lecture notes, just-in-time to walk into the lecture room, just-in-time to attend the lecture. Theoretically there is no problem about this; however achieving this in practice is likely to be difficult. Similarly in a manufacturing process materials could theoretically arrive just-in-time to be picked up by a worker and used. This eliminates any inventory of materials; they would simply arrive just-in-time. In the same way finished goods could be produced
Why have agricultural surpluses become a feature of many countries in the developed world in recent years?
Why have agricultural surpluses become a feature of many countries in the developed world in recent years? (10 marks) A surplus is the agricultural produce, which remains over, what is not required for the purpose in hand. These surpluses, which recently are frequently occurring in the developed world, are due to intensification of farming, government support and the EU's CAP. The CAP was set out in the Treaty of Rome at a time when high agricultural productivity was considered essential to securing plentiful food supplies. CAP has five basic aims which are to increase agricultural productivity and improve self-sufficiency, to maintain jobs on land, improve the standard of living of farmers and farm workers, to stabilise markets and to keep consumer food prices stable and reasonable. One of the prime beliefs underpinning agricultural policy was that Europe should become as self-sufficient as possible in food, almost at any cost. Crops that saved on imports, such as sugar beet for tropical sugar cane and oil-seed rape for tropical oil palms, were given financial support. A complicated set of mechanisms were put in place to encourage farmers to farm more. As farming in the EU became more efficient, output increased. Farmers were paid subsidies or a guaranteed minimum price for their produce. This meant that farmers were encouraged to grow more and tended therefore to over
The historical rural development of China.
For many developing countries that are not endowed with abundant natural resources like oil, coal, metal, and minerals - agriculture is their means of support. Sustainable agriculture is essential for future development in industry and urbanization. In order for agricultural growth to happen, one must possess the following resources: land, labor, capital and other essential inputs, such as fertilizers. Before embarking on full-scale agricultural production, one must have total control of the most important agricultural input -- the water supply; which is most often controlled via irrigation canals. Furthermore, a solid and uncorrupt political environment is crucial before such projects can even take place. China is one such developing country; with roughly 900 million of its inhabitant settled in rural areas, is very much concerned with its rural development and the need to sustain a Country with over 1 billion people. The context in which we will concentrate is the historical rural development of China. In contrast with Japan, China has a very complex history of rural development and economic growth. Agricultural development in country with a massive population and so little land per capita is indeed a complicated feat. However, China's rural development is the poster child for other developing countries to remain optimistic - agricultural development is not an
Oil and Gas industry in Kazakhstan
Oil and Gas industry in Kazakhstan My country, the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the Centre Eurasia and takes quite a big territory of this area. Kazakhstan subsoil store a lot of minerals including the oil. The main industry of the Kazakhstan is the Oil and Gas production. Modern level of civilization and technology would have been insufficient without the cheap and abundant energy that provides us with oil. Oil also serves as a raw material for the petrochemical industry, which produces plastics, synthetic fibers and many other organic compounds. Therefore, oil production is considered to be one of the most important industries of my country. As far as I know first oil deposit in Kazakhstan was discovered in 1991 in the west side of the country, which borders with the Caspian Sea, the major source of all oil deposits. That is why, the most of production is concentrated in this particular area. The oil production makes a great contribution for the economy of the government. Moreover, every year Kazakhstan government gains more than 24 billion dollars ("KazTAG"). According to the statistics of "Oil and Gas Journal", the amount of oil produced was 30 billion barrels in January 2010 ("EIA.doe.gov"). I believe that petroleum industry is one of the most important fields in my country. First of all, it is a main energy supplier. It supplies electrical power stations as
Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Stockholm Sweden, in 1833, to a family with a long history of engineers. He was the fourth of eight children of which only four of the eight lived beyond childhood (Keene 8). His father, Immanuel Nobel, was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings. Immanuel Nobel also experimented with different techniques of blasting rock (Frängsmyr). His family was descended from Olof Rudbeck, the best known technical genius of Sweden's 17th century era as a great power in Northern Europe (His Life). When Alfred was five years old his father went through a bankruptcy that forced him to move to St. Petersburg and leave his family behind. There he had started a mechanical workshop for the manufacture of landmines. During these rough times, Alfred's mother Andrietta Ahsell Nobel started a grocery store, which provided a modest income to support the family. In 1842, when Alfred was nine, the rest of the family had moved to be with Immanuel in St. Petersburg whose workshop was busy equipping the Russian Army. By this time his father's finances had improved (Frängsmyr). Immanuel Nobel had convinced the Tsar and his Generals that naval mines could be used to block enemy naval ships from threatening the city. These mines were simple devices consisting of wooden casks filled with gunpowder that were submerged under water. They were
How important are physical factors in the creation of agricultural land use patterns?
Agriculture Essay How important are physical factors in the creation of agricultural land use patterns? Although technology has allowed farmers to grow crops in situations that they previously would not have been able to, the physical environment has a very important part to play on what is grown and how land is used on a farm. To determine how important they are to the creation of agricultural land use patterns it is necessary to investigate how they effect agricultural land use patterns. It is also necessary to investigate what other factors effect the land use so that they can be weighed up together and the extent to which the physical factors effect it can be assessed. Firstly I shall look at the physical factors which are likely to have an effect on farming and for each of these factors I will suggest how they effect the farm and the crops which are grown there. Crops require specific conditions to grow to their potential. These conditions can be summed up into three categories: * Relief * Climate * Soil I shall investigate each of these factors individually before considering the other factors which effect land use patterns. Relief The relief includes the altitude, aspect and slope which the crops are grown on. All crops will be effected by these factors. This is because all crops are effected by the temperature and therefore because as temperature drops
South Korea: Graph & Statistical Analysis
South Korea: Graph & Statistical Analysis 25/05/01 Dane Fewtrell LABOUR RESOURCES (1) Agriculture: (32/98)*360=117.55 degrees Retail/Wholesale: (22/98)*360=80.81 degrees Manufacture: (21/98)*360=77.14 degrees Public Utilities and services: (11/98)*360=40.40 degrees Construction: (6/98)*360=22.04 degrees Unemployed: (4/98)*360=14.69 degrees Agriculture: (16/98)*360= 58.77 degrees Retail/Wholesale: (22/98)*360= 80.81 degrees Manufacture: (25/98)*360= 91.83 degrees Public Utilities and Services: (16/98)*360= 58.77 degrees Construction: (9/98)*360= 33.06 degrees Unemployed: (2/98)*360= 7.34 degrees Other: (10/98)*360= 36.73 degrees LABOUR RESOURCES (2) SECTOR % Increase or Decrease Agriculture Retail/Wholesale Manufacture Public Utilities and Services Construction Unemployed Other Decrease 50% No change Increase % Increase % Increase % Decrease % Increase % IMPORTING & EXPORTING RESOURCES (3) TRADE ITEM APPROX. % TOTAL IMPORT/EXPORT MAIN EXPORTS PRODUCED Machinery & transport equipment Clothing Textiles 40% 2% 0% MAIN IMPORTS PRODUCED Machinery & transport equipment Mineral fuels and lubricant Raw Materials 30% 20% 2% ECONOMIC TIGERS As one of the 'Four Dragons of East Asia', South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth. Three decades ago in the 1960's, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in
Okeechobee County.
Omar Shakeel November 3, 2001 Period # 5 Okeechobee County Okeechobee County was created in 1917 from Osceola, Palm Beach, and St. Lucie Counties. It is positioned in south central Florida, just west of the Fort Pierce region and is named for the great lake that it surrounds. The chief industry is agriculture, and the farms generate a huge amount of winter vegetables due to the natural soils of the county. Beside agriculture and dairying, Okeechobee County has a very little industry of any kind. The county is home to many local animals and plants sustained by the distinctive environment surrounding Lake Okeechobee. Lake Okeechobee is the second major freshwater lake within the United States. It is not very deep, with an average depth of only 14 feet. Fishing is a year round business. This lake has an outer surface area of 730 square miles. Its size is 448,000 acres and can hold about 1.05 trillion gallons of water. The chief sources of inflow to the lake is precipitation making up 39 percent, the Kissimmee River, which contributes 31 percent, and the Harney Pond and Indian Prairie Fish Eating and Taylor Creeks add 30 percent. Okeechobee County's financial system is supported by agriculture. The counties principal industries are dairy and beef livestock. The county's yearly income from the agriculture industry is around $ 149,681,000. The