How and why has the employment structure changed since 1945 within the UK?

Employment Structure Essay Q. How and why has the employment structure changed since 1945 within the UK? A. Employment structure is made up by three categories; they are primary, secondary, and tertiary and on a graph they would all add up to 100%. There is a fourth type of employment, quaternary, although this is not considered along with the others. This type of employment only really takes place within MEDCs as it mainly involves high levels of technology such as computers and is quite expensive to run. Primary industries are those which involve natural resources such as farming, fishing, mining and forestry. For many LEDCs, this is the main category of employment and provides a wage for a person with little skills. Secondary industries involve that of manufacturing items such as cars, newspapers and cheese manufacture. Tertiary industries cover quite a high percentage of the employment structure within MEDCs such as the UK. This is employment related to services such as education, health and retailing. Since 1945 the employment structure of the UK has changed dramatically. Primary employment has more than halved from 9% of the population down to 3%. Secondary has also fallen from 43% to 27% while tertiary employment has increased from 48% to 70%. There are a number of reasons behind these changes as explained below. These figures are common to most other

  • Word count: 1072
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Consider the factors that might determine whether an increase in Research and Development would improve the financial performance of UK manufacturing firms.

Consider the factors that might determine whether an increase in Research and Development would improve the financial performance of UK manufacturing firms UK manufacturing firms have many factors which influence their financial performance. Research and Development could be a key factor in determining a firms success, however it does not assure financial improvement in all businesses due to the extensive variety of business types. Research and Development can be defined as the scientific investigation necessary to discover new products and the process of bringing these products onto the market. A manufacturing firm, which generally refers to a business that makes or processes raw or semi processed materials into either a finished product or further processed materials, by using large-scale mass production by means of automation and production lines. Manufacturing firms tend to rely on economies of scale to lower costs and allow bulk-buying benefits, from this firms produce large volumes of products using specialised machinery, which can then be sold at low prices to finance the business. Research and Development can take many forms, for example, large international pharmaceutical companies spend huge amounts of money on Research and Development, this is because pharmaceutical companies rely heavily on new products which can be patented, and then used as a competitive

  • Word count: 984
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Evaluate the factors that influence the decision-making process when locating a modern industrial plant.

Evaluate the factors that influence the decision-making process when locating a modern industrial plant. It is important to understand that both human and physical factors are essential in order to explain the particular location of an industrial plant. Obviously this varies depending on the industry, as just one factor can override all others in the final decision made by a specific firm. There are various human factors which influence industrial location, and which interlink with each other. The idea of agglomeration or the co-location of two or more industries together, is an important one, because it would result in the industries sharing the costs for transport as well as the cost of land values, which could be favourable id they are locating in a highly valued area. However, the disadvantage could be a reduction in the availability of labour, due to other industries requiring sufficient labour. As well as transport costs, access to the plant is equally essential so that the transport costs will not become too heavy. Ultimately to any industry, its sales income from the retailing of its products illustrates how successful it is, meaning that a location close to markets is a prominent attraction, with its capital coming into play also here. August Losch's market area approach claims that industries will locate in the place that gives them the largest market and the

  • Word count: 857
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Communist Russia under Stalin, 1928 - 1939.

COMMUNIST RUSSIA UNDER STALIN, 1928 - 1939 * Stalin's Economic Aims * Main Features of a Centrally-Planned Command Economy * The Five Year Plans and Industry * The Results Stalin wanted the USSR or Russia to become more powerful than other countries. To do this he had to modernise the USSR's economy by a programme of rapid industrialisation. This means developing industry to such an extent that a country that mainly depends on agriculture or farming is changed into one which mostly depends on industry. Stalin said that the USSR was 50 or 100 years behind the advanced countries. He aimed to catch up with and surpass them within ten years. Russia's industry was recovering from the effects of war, but even then, production from heavy industry was low compared with other countries. Stalin felt it was necessary to catch up with the West because the West that hated Communism threatened the USSR. To survive an attack from the West, the USSR had to rapidly expand its heavy industries: coal, iron, steel and power. This would allow the USSR to expand and strengthen its military. Rapid industrialisation was also necessary for the county's defence was surrounded by countries whose governments hated Communism: Iran, Romania, Finland and Poland. Stalin believed that making the USSR Socialist would make it a richer and stronger country. To become a strong industrial economy, the

  • Word count: 1366
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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How Much Was Agriculture Changed By the War in The Years 1939-1950

HOW MUCH WAS AGRICULTURE CHANGED BY THE WAR IN THE YEARS 939-1950 HOW MUCH WAS AGRICULTURE CHANGED BY THE WAR IN THE YEARS 1939-1950 In 1939, when the war began, Britain was importing 70% of its food. Soon German submarines and U-boats were sinking large numbers of merchant ships. Agriculture became as important to Britains survival as the manufacture of armaments. The greatest need was for more home-produced grain. In 1939 the British Government set up a War Agriculture Committee in each county. The committee laid down targets for individual farmers, while the Government paid welfare of £2 per acre to farmers who ploughed up grassland and sowed corn crops. Arable land was thus increased by half. Wastelands and playing fields could be cleared with bulldozers and planted with rows of potatoes. Roadside borders were used in emergency. Farmers were encouraged to reduce stocks of poultry, sheep and pigs. Cattle was to remain the same, as they were necessary to maintain the milk supplies. If farmers objected to the demands of the Government and the committee they often found that their petrol ration was cut or they had their land confiscated. From 1950-1957 more state marketing boards were created, to control the sale of wool, cheese, fatstock, eggs and tomatoes. The number of Tractors and Combine Harvesters, which were given to us by America in a lend-lease,

  • Word count: 1057
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Factors Influencing Location.

Factors Influencing Location Sometimes firms have to decide where to build a new factory. It is important to consider the different costs of different locations. Businessmen take into account the natural and acquired advantages of a particular area. Natural Advantages * An area may have a water source for waste disposal or cooling. * An area may be flat or isolated and attract dangerous or unpleasant industries. * An area may have the right climate for the production of a good. * Weight-losing industries use bulky raw materials to produce a compact finished product and tend to locate near the source of raw materials. Acquired Advantages An area may have developed a number of advantages as the result of firms locating in the region. These are called external economies of scale. Weight-gaining industries use compact raw materials to produce a bulky finished product and tend to locate near the major market for the good. Footloose Industries A footloose industry gains no particular advantage from any one location usually because transport costs are the same for each site. Industrial inertia occurs when a firm continues to expand on its existing site even though there are cheaper alternatives. Structure of UK Industry Regional Structure of UK Industry The localisation of industry occurs when there is a concentration of producers of a particular product in one

  • Word count: 591
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Quarrying, More than 23,000 work in the quarrying industry in some capacity Most work in rural areas

Quarrying More than 23,000 work in the quarrying industry in some capacity Most work in rural areas Current UK aggregate outputs of crushed rock, sand and gravel is 320 million tonnes, the majority of which is used in the construction industry The market for aggregates is enormous; Quarrying is essential to the maintenance and growth of our society. The aggregates are used in building houses, schools, hospitals and shops. Roads, railways and airports. Also sewerage systems, sea defences, agricultural and leisure facilities. Aggregates are obtained from two main sources. In the first instance, rock is blasted from the quarry face and screened to yield stockpiles of 'sized' aggregates. Three basic types of rock are used to produce most crushed rock aggregates - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. The cliffe hill quarry uses an intermediate intrusive igneous rock called 'Granodiorite'. This rock is formed by solidification from the molten state. Environmental: It is often impossible to see a quarry or pit. The industry takes care to ensure that very little of the operations are visible and it is only within the perimeter that the workings are revealed. Quarries are screened by contoured banks that hide any buildings, or by trees planted at the quarry's edge. Good landscape treatment is most important. In a crushed rock quarry controlled blasts produce a predetermined

  • Word count: 777
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Jethro Tull made the Greatest Contribution to Agricultural Change in the Eighteenth Century. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your answer.

Jethro Tull made the Greatest Contribution to Agricultural Change in the Eighteenth Century. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your answer. Jethro Tull did contribute to the agricultural changes in the eighteenth century but I don't think he made the greatest contribution because there were other improvers for example Robert Bakewell, Lord Townshend and Thomas Coke. Jethro Tull was born in 1674 and died in 1741. During this time he invented the seed drill and the horse hoe. Tull worried when he was on his father's farm that too many seeds were being wasted by the method of broadcasting. He suggested that the farm workers shout try planting the seeds in rows instead of scattering them everywhere but because of religious reasons the labourers were not encouraged to do so. Tull invented the seed drill. This was a machine that sowed seeds in a line and covered them up as it went. This was horse drawn and it wasted less seeds. How it worked was, the seed fell into the seed boxes, which were underneath the hopper. Then the seeds fell into the sheats. These released seed into the trunks at the back of the funnels. The iron share at the bottom of the harrow formed the channel into which the seed fell. He travelled around the continent, visiting European countries and looking at their methods of farming. He watched workers hoeing in the French Vineyards. He saw

  • Word count: 1680
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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For a named manufacturing industry in a medc, explain its decline and outline related problems, this has caused.

Oliver Anthony: Geography Essay For a named manufacturing industry in a medc, explain its decline and outline related problems, this has caused. (25 marks) The industry I am using as my example is the once booming British steel industry. The specific site I am using is that of Ravens Craig which is situated in Lanarkshire Scotland. The plant produced its last steel in 1992 closing and making over 12,000 workers unemployed. Its closure came unexpectedly just like one of the latest incidents which Llanwern steel works close in 1999 with the loss of over 10,000 workers. Many people have asked why Ravens Craig was closed. One of the biggest reason was British Steel becoming sold by the government and becoming a privately run company in 1986. Due to British steel being sold by the government the whole industry faced redevelopment on both the production aspect and the business side. Ravens Craig was operating at a loss of revenue so seemed destined to face closure as the newly formed British steel chief executives seek ways to cut coasts of steel to production so they could compete with the Chinese and eastern European market. One of the reasons form the loss of turnover at Ravens Craig, was due to the fact that other countries like the ones I have already named, could produce steel at a fraction of which we could. For example the Chinese, are able to run steel factories at a

  • Word count: 999
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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Discuss, with the use of examples, how any TWO of the following factors have influenced agriculture and land use - Relief and climate, Government policies, Size of holdings, or Availability of cheap land and transport.

GEOGRAPHY Discuss, with the use of examples, how any TWO of the following factors have influenced agriculture and land use. - Relief and climate - Government policies - Size of holdings - Availability of cheap land and transport Agriculture is the study and practice of cultivating land for the growing of crops and the rearing of livestock and for industrial raw materials. Agriculture can be divided in a number of ways: intensive or extensive, arable or pastoral, commercial or subsistence and nomadic or sedentary. Increasing demands for food production in recent times have seen much development in agricultural technology and practices, which have greatly increased crop and livestock production. Many factors have strongly influenced the location of agricultural activities, including human activities and government policies, also physical factors such as climate and relief. These factors have shaped the development and success of agriculture in recent times. One such factor is that of government policies. Government holds on agriculture is strongest in the socialist countries such as China, Cuba and Tanzania. Governments have noticed the importance of agriculture in their countries and have recently implemented some policies to improve agricultural development in their country. Generally policies such as reduced costs for farm machinery to the farmers, rental of farm

  • Word count: 829
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Geography
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