Why is Africa the least economically developed continent in the World?
Why is Africa the Least Economically Developed Continent in the World? There are three main types of industry that people are employed in; Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. Primary industry involves the extraction or exploitation of natural resources e.g. Farming, fishing, mining and forestry. Secondary industry involves the manufacture of raw materials into saleable products, e.g. refineries, processors and manufacturing. Tertiary industry is the service sector, e.g. transport, sales and anything that offers anyone a service. The percentage of people employed in these different sectors can be used to suggest how developed a country is. If a country' main employment sector is Primary industry or subsistence farming the country is in Rostow's Stage 1 and is almost completely undeveloped. When a country begins to increase its Secondary and Tertiary sectors it is in Rostow's stage 2 and has begun to develop. Rostow's Stages carry on to stage 5 where the dominance of employment is in Tertiary Industry. To sum up Rostow's model, the higher percentage of people in a country employed in Primary industry, the less developed the country is, the higher the percentage of people employed in Tertiary industry the more developed it is. This map shows the spatial variations in Gross National Product (GNP) in the world, in the form of a North South divide. Continents with high GNP are North
Explain how and why the meaning of development has changed over time.
Explain how and why the meaning of development has changed over time. There are many terms used in respect to World Development, common terms include "Less Developed Countries", "Third World" and "Developed Countries". There is also the more recent and politically correct MEDC's and LEDC's, both being introduced as a sign of the growing awareness that poverty is not just about economic status. At one time it was strongly thought that a countries development was purely based on its wealth. This led to the North/South divide where the northern hemisphere was predominantly developed and the southern hemisphere mostly underdeveloped. This relationship can clearly be seen in the diagram below, the main exception to the rule being Australia and New Zealand. World GNP 1997 It was however suggested that these underdeveloped countries would follow a route of economic growth as illustrated by Rostow's 1960 model. The model was based on a study of 15 mainly European countries, the main prospective being on industrialisation and economic position. The model proposes that a country can break the cycle of poverty and underdevelopment by following a succession of linear stages, five to be exact. Rostow's Model of Economic Growth * Stage 1 - Traditional Society This stage of the model is dominated by subsistence economics where little if any productivity is consumed by those who
Changes that have occurred in industry in South Wales since 1800.
Robyn Atkinson 11i Changes that have occurred in industry in South Wales since 1800 The main industries that South Wales were dependent on since 1800 were mainly mining for coal, iron ore and limestone, manufacturing steel and labour. The main areas and ports in South Wales where the main industries were located were Cardiff, Newport, Swansea, Ebbw Vale, Merthyr Tydfil and Port Talbot. Coal was mined locally in valleys in the large area between Ebbw Vale to Swansea. Iron ore was also mined in the area from Ebbw Vale to Aberdare, Limestone was also found and mined locally. The steel industry in South Wales decided to relocate because there was only one coal mine located in Tower Colliery. The only steelworks were located in Port Talbot and Llanwern and it seemed like quite a long way to bring the coal to the steelwork area. The area of South Wales was well equipt with all of the materials needed to produce steel easily, but then the area started to run out of some of the supplies of coal, iron ore and limestone. It was then decided to ship in these material from other countries to keep the steelworks from closing down. 'Break of Bulk' location is used to describe the situation where ships pass on there heavy load lorries. This is the type of transportation that started to be used in South Wales. 'Intergrated Works' is where all the stages in the manufacture of steel take
Improvements made to arable farming in the latter half of the 18th century were the new crops and new rotations and the new methods of improving the land. Charles Townshend introduced a new crop rotation called the Norfolk four-course rotation
Describe the main improvements made to arable and pastoral farming during the latter half of the 18th century. Improvements made to arable farming in the latter half of the 18th century were the new crops and new rotations and the new methods of improving the land. Charles Townshend introduced a new crop rotation called the Norfolk four-course rotation, which increased the amount of cropland as land did not lie fallow, the fertility was put back into the soil using various crops and the sheep which fed on the crops trod their own manure into the soil to fertilize it. This rotation would consist of wheat the 1st year, turnips the 2nd year, barley the 3rd year and clover or lucerne the 4th year. New crops such as turnips, which was introduced by Charles Townshend, rape, clover, swedes and manglewurzels were good fodder for the animals, other new crops which were introduced were trefoil, lucerne and sanfoin which enriched the soil with nitrogen. These improved the quality of the soil so it was better to grow other crops on such as wheat and barley etc. There were many methods of improving the land such as the use of dung or animal manure to fertilize the land or crushed bones which Thomas Coke used from 1770. This would help to produce bigger and better crops. Drainage such as clay pipes were used to stop the land from being too waterlogged. Marling was used to assist the
The Cause of the Industrial Revolution
ASSIGNMENT 1 The Cause of the Industrial Revolution In discussing the main developments of the Industrial Revolution, we must first look at the Agricultural Revolution and the effects of enclosure as writes Peter Mathias a secondary source, "to be given identity, the concept (the Industrial Revolution) implies the onset of a fundamental change in the structure of an economy; a fundamental redeployment of resources away from agriculture" (Peter Mathias (1969,p2) The First Industrial Nation). The agricultural revolution was the precursor to the industrial revolution and began around 1650, with parliamentary enclosure acts dominating the period 1750 - 1830. Enclosure changed agriculture from an open field system, whereby the villagers would each farm on a strip of land to provide for their own requirements to a system of private land management of enclosed fields and individual landowners took over control of the land. The community no longer had communal rights to the land and had to look to the large landowner for their living. Enclosing the land brought benefits to agricultural productivity from new crop rotation and heavy manuring, but for the peasant farmers they were displaced of their land and forced to find work elsewhere. Farming became less labour intensive and the large farms contributed to a rural labour surplus. The Agricultural Revolution created wealthy
To what extent do the sources agree that the Russian government's policy on agriculture consistently failed and that peasant resisted it both under the Tsarist and Communist rule?
Q1. To what extent do the sources agree that the Russian government's policy on agriculture consistently failed and that peasant resisted it both under the Tsarist and Communist rule? The sources to a large extent support this view that agriculture consistently failed both under the communist and tsarist rule and that there was resistance from the peasants. Source1 by the historian Ronald Hingle (1992) points out that there was agricultural failure in Russia as there is evidence in the source of insufficient land for the serfs to meet their needs, there is also evidence of continual punishment of the serf which is similar to those of the individual landlords. The serfs although emancipated where still under the control of the village council and had unaffordable redemption payments. They were also bound to their communes "since 1861 individual peasants remained bound to their communes" so although they were free they couldn't actually relocate. The serfs also suffered and remained legally discriminated against. Source 2a also illustrates how the poorer peasants didn't benefit by the "wager" placed by the government in 1908. Source 2b also points out that agriculture failed as the law on 9th November which stated that inefficient peasants will have their land sold. So peasants often lost their land and couldn't afford redemption payments. There is also evidence in source 2a
Eco Pack Project
Eco Pak Project Introduction PET bottles are a packaging medium, made up of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). These are widely used in food grade packaging and are the preferred packaging medium in this segment, due to their several advantages over other resins like PE, HDPE and PVE PET bottles are used as packaging in a variety of products. The demand of PET bottles is on a rise as most of the food manufactures from different businesses are converting to PET bottles for the packaging of their products. The PET bottles/containers are commonly used for the packaging of the following: > ?Mineral Water > ?Carbonated Beverages > ?Edible Oil > ?Household Food Containers > ?Detergents > ?Paints > ?Lubricating Oils > ?Feeding Bottles for Babies As PET bottles provide better packaging, and have a lower cost than the bottles made from glass and other materials, different businesses in beverage, food and non-food industry are shifting towards PET bottles. Recycled PET Bottles Recyclable: Used PET bottles can be washed, granulated into flakes and reshaped as PET bottles or employed as material for strapping, carpeting, fiber filling, etc. Specially designed thick-wall bottles can be washed, refilled and reused. PET is made from the same three elements (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) as paper, and contains no toxic substances. When burned, it produces carbon dioxide gas and
The De-industrialisation and Regeneration of the Merseyside Region
The De-industrialisation and Regeneration of the Merseyside Region The Merseyside region falls within one of Britain's traditional manufacturing areas. Liverpool first developed as a small port concerned with fishing and trade with Ireland. However, it's location on the West coast, on the Irish Sea meant that the port grew throughout the 18th century due to the increase in trade with North America and the West Indies, and the decline of the port in the nearby city of Chester. The first wet dock in Great Britain was established here and throughout the 19th century Liverpool became the main port in Britain for American trade and passenger services. The large quantities of raw materials that were available in the region, including coal from the South Lancashire coalfields and rock salt from Cheshire, meant many manufacturing industries rapidly grew in its hinterland. These included food processing, textiles and the chemical industry. However, the main industry to progress from the growth of Liverpool as a port was shipbuilding and repair, and in 1829 Birkenhead emerged as an important shipyard. Between 1829 and 1947, over 1,100 vessels of all sizes and types slid down the Laird slipways into the Mersey and during this time Birkenhead was placed at the forefront of the British shipbuilding industry. In 1931, over 193,000 people in the Merseyside region were employed in
Peugeot Location Theory
Peugeot Location Theory The development of an industrial plant in one particular place is never accidental or the result of chance. The decision to put a factory in one place rather than another is always based of practical reasons. The sitting of the Peugeot plant in Coventry is a typical example of industrial planning. Coventry has had a long history of manufacturing since the start of the industrial revolution in the 18th century. This was due to the concentration of the textile industry in the midlands. A number of factories began making sewing machines and soon bicycle production was in full effect as bicycles were "all the rage" of this time. Two bicycle engineers (George Singer and William Hillman) began their own car companies and so Singer cars and Hillman cars came into being. Thomas Humbler who had a bicycle empire in Sheffield and Nottingham moved his empire to Coventry in 1896 and began making tri-cars under licence. There was a lot of skilled labour in the area due to the amount of engineering and vehicle manufacturing. This may have been a large influence on Humblers decision to move his empire to Coventry. In 1906 Hillman and Humbler moved on to a "green field" site along Folly Lane. Two factories, one Hillman and one Humbler were put up and the stoke plant came into being. Folly Lane was later renamed Humbler Road. In 1928 the Hillman/Humbler group
How successful was Stalin's attempt to industrialise the Soviet Union?
How successful was Stalin's attempt to industrialise the Soviet Union? There has been considerable debate over the extent to which Stalin was successful in industrialising the Soviet Union. Industrialisation chiefly involves exploiting natural resources to create products that would be helpful to the society and to do this, greatly mechanise the industries and improve productivity. One of the views suggested by historians is that it was an immense success for Stalin. The scale and speed of industrial development in the USSR between 1928 and 1941 was enormous. Western economists reckoned the average annual growth rate was 13-14%, with 3-fold increase in oil output, 4-fold in iron and steel and 5-fold in coal. By 1928, USSR was producing 25% steel as Germany but by 1940 it was producing New industries were developed - aircraft, aluminium, new industrial centres, e.g. Magnitogorsk, and new skilled workforce came into place. The other view, however, suggests that there was hardly any significant progress during the period and the Five Year Plans were chaotic and, as argued by Alex Nove, unrealistic and disastrous failures. One of most important arguments in supporting the claim that Stalin's attempt to industrialise the USSR was successful is that during the Depression of 1929 and years following the wall Street Crash, when the whole western world's economies were suffering,