Estimating Population Size Using Lincoln Index
Name: Farah Nadzirah binti Rosli Class : ALM7M13 Title: Estimating Population Size Using Lincoln Index Objective: To estimate the population size using Lincoln Index Background Summary: The capture-mark-recapture is a technique for estimating the size of a population of organisms. A sample of the population is taken and these organisms are marked in some way so that they can be identified later. They are then released and allowed to disperse into the population. A second sample is then taken and the numbers of marked organisms recaptured, and those captured that are unmarked are recorded. A formula, referred to as the Lincoln Index, is then used to estimate the total population size. There are numbers of important assumptions in this method: * The mark has no effect on the organisms * The mark persist during the investigation * The marked organisms disperse randomly throughout the whole population * The population is closed, that is no migration of organism * No birth or death during the investigation The formula for the Lincoln Index: N = the estimated total population size S1 = the number of organisms marked and released S2 = the number of organisms captured in the second sample R = the number of marked organisms recaptured Besides of that, random sampling using a quadrat can also be used to estimate the number of species in one place. A quadrat
What do we mean by business environment?
Title 2 Business Organisations simply mean a group of people working together as a team in a particular organisation by delivering products, goods and services to customer in exchange of profit. But, these organisation are influenced by many factors within the environment in which they operate and said to be the very dominant force in the shaping and moulding of the organisation.What do we mean by business environment? Business environment is a set of influence, which shapes and moulds an organisation. There are number of factor which shapes and moulds an organisation. In other word, the development and strength of an organisation lies on these seven main influence such as ways of doing thing, rules and regulation, principle and procedures, attitude and behaviour, product and service, framework of an authority and finally the channel of communication. As everyone knows, different people have they own of ways of doing thing because they are not necessary to have the same thought with others and maybe it all depends on some sort of style or tradition, which need to be followed. For an example, a football team has many strategic such as 4-4-2, 4-4-3, 3-5-2 and so on. But, they use different strategic when facing different opponent or maybe changes their strategic when it comes to a certain circumstance e.g. player got sent off or injured, difficulty in defending, urgency to
To map the land Use of Skipton and see if it relates to Urban Models.
5/07/01 Land Use Vaqas Aslam AIM To map the land Use of Skipton and see if it relates to Urban Models. HYPOTHESES ) Skipton will fit the Burgess model (Concentric Rings). 2) Skipton will fit Hoyt's model (sector model). METHOD We were all given a map of a 1//5 of Skipton; we had to go around our designated area collecting land use information using the following categories. S - Shops / Offices I - Industry L - Low Classed Housing (Terraced) M - Middle Class Housing H - High Class Housing O - Open Space INTERPRETATION Hypotheses 1 - Skipton will fit the Burgess Model.(Concentric Ring) This hypotheses proved to be wrong as the land use does not fit the concentric ring pattern. Hypotheses 2 - Skipton will fit Hoyt's Model (sector model) This hypothesis is true as the land use is in sectors. You have a sector with open space an area with high-class housing and then an area with low class housing and etc. CONCLUSION The first hypotheses was wrong, as the land use did not fit the concentric ring model. The second hypotheses was proved correct as the land use was organised in sectors. CRITIQUE I think that this is the only result that I can get for this investigation, as the results won't change
London Docklands - Managing change in an urban area.
The Decline Of Docklands In the early nineteenth century, companies such as the West India Company began to build docks to allow their ships to moor next to their own warehouses. These were very successful and other companies quickly built new docks such as the London docks and the East India docks. Each time new docks were built, trade increased and these docks all seemed too small. At this time, England was producing a huge range of goods in newly built factories. This period is known as the industrial revolution. The goods made in these factories were sold all over the world. They had to be shipped through ports such as London. At the same time, The British Empire grew and other goods came to London from around the world. Very soon, the docks could not cope. The decision was made to build new docks further downstream. These were the Royal Docks, which started with the Royal Victoria dock, which was opened in 1855. The Royal Albert dock was finished in 1880. The last of the Royal Docks to be built was the King George the fifth dock, opened in 1921. Many thousands of people worked in the docks. They loaded, moved and unloaded the huge quantities of goods traded through the docks. Most things had to be moved several times. They were then put in warehouses, packed and put on lorries or trains to be moved again. Dock work was poorly paid and often dangerous. During the
Using examples, illustrate the role of multinational companies (tnc), airline companies and globalisation on the tourism industry, globally.
Using examples, illustrate the role of multinational companies (tnc), airline companies and globalisation on the tourism industry, globally. There are many aspects of tourism and globalisation; some are good some aren't so good. Tourists to the developing world behave badly. They disrespect their hosts by failing to observe dress codes and other cultural norms. Moreover tourism spreads dominant Western values at the expense of proud and ancient cultures. The trade is fixed by multinational companies from the richest countries that cream off the lion's share of the profits, leaving little for local people, bar menial jobs. The plaintiffs include charities and human rights groups, communities affected by tourism and academics. Experts have pointed to the saturation of domestic markets and the opening up of markets like India and China as the two major causes of globalisation. Thanks to new communications technology, citizens of developing countries have seen and sought the industrialized world's standard of living. This creates a dream and an aim to work for. The global aviation industry, which was just coming out of recession, was hit hard last year on September 11th 2001 by the attack on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon in the United States. This was an unexpected attack, however it still seriously affected major companies and even sent the world into a minor
The Tourism industry in Kenya operates within a liberalized economic environment that is characterised by active partnership
The Government in Kenya The Tourism industry in Kenya operates within a liberalized economic environment that is characterised by active partnership between the Government and the private sector. While the private sector is expected to be the motive force, the Ministry of Tourism is charged with the responsibility of formulation and implementation of policies a kin to tourism as well as co-ordination of planning, development, promotion and marketing of tourism. The functions of the Government may be summarized as follows:- (i) Formulation and implementation of general policy guidelines for the tourism industry; (ii) Setting the required targets such as:- - increasing the contribution of the sector to the National Gross Domestic Product, through increased foreign exchange earnings and retention from the sector; - increase the sector's employment generating capacity. - conserving and protecting the environment; - diversification of the tourism product range and source markets; - developing sustainable tourism; and - the development of all facets of tourism. (iii) Planning, development and regulation of tourism activities; (iv) Licencing, classifying and upholding the quality of tourism facilities and services; (v) Co-ordination and Consultation with other government Ministries and departments in order to facilitate tourism development by providing the necessary
Describe and explain recent changes (since 1945) in the employment structure of the UK
Describe and explain recent changes (since 1945) in the employment structure of the UK: This essay will first describe and then go on to explain the changes that the UK's employment structure has experienced since 1945, post World War Two. The levels of employment in each of the different economy's sectors will be examined as percentages, to show clearly the increase or decline over time. Principally the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors will be described as will the Quaternary and possibly Quinary in the later 20th century, and early 21st century. The Primary sector involves the extraction of raw materials that all other areas of an economic system rely upon; examples include Mining, Fishing and Agriculture. At the end of any Primary activity there is little or no value added to the product; low value, high bulk products. The Secondary Sector involves adding value, and shedding bulk from these products. There are two types of manufacturing; Heavy industry - processing raw materials directly from primary products (steel to iron ore), and Light industry - assembling products in preparation for the market (car manufacturing). The Tertiary Sector is the provision of goods and services to the consumers. There are no processes involved; the products (goods or information) are simply supplied to the consumers. The Quaternary Sector is a more recent evolution and
Impacts of Tourism in Swanage.
Impacts of Tourism in Swanage Tourism has the potential to create impacts on the environment and communities that it relies on to accommodate visitors. Its impacts are mitigated by the long history of tourism activity. Communities have become used to tourism activity, and management measures to limit some areas of environmental damage have been implemented. Nevertheless, some impacts are far ranging, and they are set out below: * Inappropriate Development An increase in visitors can lead to pressure for new developments to serve and capitilise on their needs, eg. Caravan parks, visitor centres, cafes, signs, car parks, and additional accommodation. Problems can arise if these facilities are out of keeping with the setting or when local residents feel they are an unnecessary addition to the area. * Overcrowding Overcrowding can occur when the number of people at a particular site or location exceeds the capacity of the place to handle them. This is generally a seasonal problem. * Wear and Tear Visitors can cause physical damage to the coastal area without realising it. Much of the damage is unintentional, such as at Lulworth where the path between the Cove and Durdle Door is eroding due to the volume of visitors using it through the summer months. In this case the Weld Estate, Countryside Commission and Purbeck District Council have joined together to pay for the path to
Geography GCSE Welsh board Coursework
Geography Coursework Introduction My main intension of my coursework is to investigate the effects of tourism, the effects of honey pot settlement and to examine the advantages and disadvantage of tourism in Bowness for instance the effects of tourism in the geographical landscape of Bowness. I am undertaking my coursework on the subject of Bowness in Windermere which is a sprawling tourist town on the showers of Windermere. This is about halfway along the 12 mile length of the lake between Waterhead of the North end, and the lakeside at the South end. The Lake District is the largest and the most popular National park in Britain. Over 14 million people visit the park each year most are attracted by the fine scenery, pretty villages and interesting history. It's has a pleasant specialist shop experience, with cobbled streets, ample tea rooms and pubs and with Beatrix Potter everywhere. A road ferry service runs across the lake from a point south of Bowness on the eastern side of the lake to Far Sawrey on the western side of the lake. For many years, power-boating and water-skiing have been popular activities on the lake. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, and is entirely within in the Lake District National Park. It has been one of the country's most popular places for holidays and summer homes since 1847, when the Kendal and Windermere Railway built a
In the past years it has not been known if Canada should ratify and implement the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. This idea was brought together during the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
In the past years it has not been known if Canada should ratify and implement the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. This idea was brought together during the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, where Canada and 36 other countries entered in a voluntary agreement to reduce the level of greenhouse gases, an invisible gas that traps heat from the sun and creates warmer temperatures. Scientific evidence has shown that air pollution is a local problem with global consequences. Air pollution can be justified by society's lack of knowledge of what is to happen in the future and by lack of scientific ability to reduce non-acceptable emission levels of certain highly dangerous chemicals. However, with modern day science there are warnings and also air pollution, which in terms of greenhouse gases provides us with the scientific means to reduce these emissions. Where is the justification for any country, government or individual to continue to produce unacceptable high emission levels of these dangerous gases? It is the responsibility of all countries and governments to ensure that they reduce or maintain an acceptable level of emissions. In the future they will be able to enjoy an environment that is not threatened by a large-scale production of greenhouse gases. Ratifying Kyoto is important for Canada, in part to protect its reputation as an environmentally responsible nation.
