High rents for land and services Skilled workers
Shortages of skilled workers Access to new roads, airports and rail networks
Developers of houses, factories and offices like an edge of city location because:
Push Pull
Land in central areas is more expensive Cheaper land for larger developments
You have to pay the costs of clearing sites and Financial incentives are offered by suburban
cleaning up chemical or toxic waste left behind authorities
by industry
What are the effects of Suburbanisation?
- Urban sprawl – The countryside is being built over, threatening animals and plants. The risk of flooding is increasing as land is concreted over. Farmland is destroyed. Villages are eaten up by towns and cities.
- Congestion – Suburbanisation causes increased commuting as people live further from work and public transport is often too time consuming to use so people have to use cars. Roads are becoming increasingly congested, journeys are taking longer.
- Air pollution - Increased car use is causing increases in certain types of pollution e.g. ozone and particulates from exhaust fumes. Increasing numbers of people are suffering from asthma which is attributed to this.
Case Study – Beardwood, Blackburn
Beardwood is a suburban estate in North-West Blackburn. People have moved to Beardwood as the houses are much more modern, with gardens and drives when compared with the terraced houses found in areas like Lower Audley. People have also been able to escape the higher crime rates and social problems associated with inner city areas like this. The schools in the area have better results than those in central Blackburn and the suburb is close to the open countryside of the Ribble Valley and Blackburn Golf Club.
However the estates are not to everyones taste as they lack facilities like shops and pubs. Many people commute to work in the industrial estates in southern Blackburn such as the Walker Indusrial Park. The building of the M65 motorway and high levels of car ownership make such journeys possible. Many factories in Blackburn have moved to the Southern edge of town to make use of the motorway link. However levels of congestion on Blackburn’s ring road and motorway are increasing. Blackburn is in danger of growing over the countryside of the Ribble Valley and cars are polluting the air more and more.
Attitudes towards Suburbanisation
- People living in small, old houses in areas like Mill Hill may well be in favour of suburbanisation as they may hope to be able to move into a newer, more modern homes, close to the countryside, where crime is lower and there are better schools.
- The City Council may well be in favour as people moving into modern suburban homes are likely to be quite well off and therefore pay higher rates of council tax. This means the council have more money to spend on improving local services like libraries, social care and improvements to run down areas.
- People already living in suburban estates like Lammack may not like further suburbanisation. They may fear that the roads will get busier into Blackburn, the countryside may be lost as it gets built over and there will be a lot of noise during the construction. Also they may worry that local schools will be oversubscribed and it will be more difficult to send their children to the school of their choice.
Counter-urbanisation
What is counter-urbanisation?
Counter-urbanisation is the process where people migrate from major urban areas to more rural settlements (i.e. market towns and villages) because they don’t like living in big cities.
Why has it happened?
The growth in the internet and communications technology has allowed this movement as well as the building of motorways and the growth in car ownership.
What is the evidence of Counter-urbanisation?
- Increased use of a commuter railway station e.g. Whalley train station
- An increase in house prices in the settlement
- The construction of executive housing in the settlement
- An increased number of farm buildings being converted into exclusive housing
Who are the main groups who have counter-urbanised?
- Retired people who no longer need to travel to work every day
- Long distance commuters who can afford the high commuting costs and are prepared for long journeys to work to gain the benefits of living in a rural area
- People working for firms in rural areas
- People working from home using ICT
What effects is counter-urbanisation having?
Benefits
- Less skilled workers in the countryside may find it easier to find work as painters and decorators or work in a local petrol station rather than be forced into traditional rural jobs such as farm labouring which has long hours and low pay
- Landowners and house sellers can sell at higher prices
- Some rural services e.g. petrol stations, builders and pubs see an increase in demand and profits e.g. Whalley Golf Club
- Newcomers often improve the environment by conserving historic buildings and renovating unused barns into houses
Problems
- Increased cost of housing means local people cannot afford to buy homes in the area
- Some services may be lost – newcomers are more likely to shop in a supermarket in town than use local shops.
- If too many houses are built in villages then the character of the village can be destroyed and it becomes more like a town
- Social tension – A farmer in a village may have different priorities from local people. Their idea of rural tranquillity may not tally with the farmers aim of making a living
- Traffic congestion on rural roads e.g. the A666 near Whalley
Case Study – Whalley near Blackburn
Whalley is an attractive village in the Ribble Valley near Blackburn. Many people have left Blackburn and moved to Whalley because they disliked living in Blackburn. Many people find the suburbs rather soulless as they lack shops and amenities like pubs so people prefer to move to villages like Whalley.
Why is Whalley attractive?
- The A666 provides a fast route into work in Blackburn
- The Ribble Valley is an area of very attractive countryside
- The village has some lovely features such an abbey, old residential property, small shops and pubs
- Essential services like a doctors, shops and schools can be found there
- The local schools have a very high standard e.g. Clitheroe Royal grammar School
- The railway station can take you to Manchester in just 45 minutes
- The M66 provides a road link for commuters to Manchester.
Attitudes towards counter-urbanisation
- Owners of some local services like the pub landlord will be happy to see people move into the area as most people moving into the village will be well off and have plenty of money to spend in his business.
- A farmer may not like the fact that people are moving into the village. He doesn’t like the increase in the numbers of people using footpaths across his fields and gets annoyed that people see the countryside as a playground when he is busy trying to make a living from it.
- Young local people will be annoyed at the rising house prices. They have lived in places like Whalley all their lives and then find they cannot afford a home there.
