Title : The Determination of Microbial Numbers Objectives:Practically every phase of microbiology requires method for measuring microbial numbers. Study the theoretical relationship of one bacterial cell, or clump of cells.
Experiment 4 Title : The Determination of Microbial Numbers Objectives: * Practically every phase of microbiology requires method for measuring microbial numbers. * Study the theoretical relationship of one bacterial cell, or clump of cells. * Study the effect of dilution to the bacteria growth. * Determine the cell masses of a culture in order estimates the total cellular protoplasm per milliliter of culture. * To learn both quantitative plating methods which are spread plate and pour plate to measure the number of bacteria. * To understand the measurement for the number bacteria by performing plate and dilution count. Result and Observations: Part I: Spread Plate Unlabelled sample - Dilution factor 10-1 Sample A - Dilution factor 10-2 Sample B - Dilution factor 10-3 Sample C - Dilution factor 10-4 Observation: According to the observation, the result is showed that the colonies of E.coli cultures are too numerous to count via normal visible with density diminish from sample A to sample C. As a result, we get the accurate number of colonies for each plate in the experiment doesn't count for calculation. For the unlabelled plate sample that was showed off, we discover that Whitish strands of colonies were observed apart from the usual circular whitish colonies which are produced by E.coli bacteria. Part II: Pour Plate Sample A - Dilution factor 10-4
Cholera - its global impact
Cholera Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera, which usually spreads through contaminated water. It affects the absorption of water in the small intestine and in severe cases produces severe diarrhoea. The most dangerous aspect of Cholera is the immense loss of fluid that can occur within a few days. Without treatment within 24 hours of developing the disease, the loss of fluid can be fatal. Many cases, such as those in Zimbabwe, require hospitalisation of infected people so that fluids can be administered straight into the bloodstream with the use of a drip. Cholera bacteria occur naturally in coastal waters, where they attach to tiny crustaceans called Copepods. The Cholera bacteria travel with the Copepods, spreading worldwide as the crustaceans follow their food sources, which are certain types of algae and plankton. These grow rapidly when the water temperatures rise and algae growth is further increased by the urea found in sewage and agricultural runoff. Therefore most Cholera outbreaks occur in spring and autumn when ocean surface temperatures and algae blooms are at their highest. More algae mean more Copepods, and more Copepods mean more Cholera bacteria. The map on the left shows that the areas that Cholera is discovered in are situated below the Brandt line. This is because these areas are surrounded by warm oceans where the
The number of fatalities that result from volcanic and seismic natural hazards is related to the level of development in the country in which they occur. Discuss.
The number of fatalities that result from volcanic and seismic natural hazards is related to the level of development in the country in which they occur. Discuss. A natural hazard is an event, linked to the physical environment, which is considered to have a negative effect on humans. The event is also seen to be unpreventable by humans. However, an event such as a volcanic eruption that has no effect on human beings is considered a natural phenomenon rather than a natural hazard. It is the presence of humans, in an area that such an event occurs, that allows it to be termed a hazard. Although humans cannot prevent these occurrences, they have a role to play in the event's extremity as a natural hazard. For example, volcanic eruptions have been present throughout history, but it is not until settlements are built on the rich soils they form that they become a hazard. This essay I will evaluate the extent to which the level of development in a country affects the number of fatalities caused by volcanic and seismic natural hazards. A volcanic natural hazard is a volcanic eruption. Volcanoes are formed at convergent and divergent plate boundaries and also at hot spots. At convergent plate boundaries eruptions tend to be from a vent, as oceanic crust is forced beneath another plate, the extremities of heat and pressure leads to the partial melting of the crust which is being
To what extent is a knowledge of physical processes vital in understanding the occurrence of natural hazards?
To what extent is a knowledge of physical processes vital in understanding the occurrence of natural hazards? A natural hazard is defined as a natural event or process which affects people, for example causing injury or loss of life, economic damage, disruption to people's lives or environmental degradation. Physical processes create, maintain, and modify Earth's physical features and environments. Because the physical environment is the essential background for all human activity on Earth, it can be argued that a detailed knowledge of physical processes is vital in understanding natural hazards as a whole. Examples of physical processes include plate tectonics, climate and meteorology. When talking about how these physical processes help us to understand the occurrence of natural hazards, we mean not just when and how often they are likely to occur, but also where they are likely to occur - their spatial and temporal occurrences. Such hazards can also be measured in terms of magnitude, which is a measure of the strength of the hazard or of the energy released by it. This term usually refers to earthquakes but can also be used to refer to volcanic and other types of hazards. An example of where a knowledge of physical processes has helped to understand when a hazard will occur is Hurricane Katrina, which struck the south coast of the United States at the end of August 2005.
Using an example, outline the effects of a tsunami and how the hazard can be managed
Using an example, outline the effects of a tsunami and how the hazard can be managed Tsunami is Japanese for 'harbour wave', and is usually formed through the combination of a series of water waves, commonly known as a 'tsunami wave train', which are in turn caused by the displacement of a large body of water, e.g. an ocean. As the wave train reaches shallow depths, they tend to combine into a single large wave travelling at immense speeds (600 km/h), steepening rapidly to heights of 80 feet plus, resulting in a tsunami. A natural disaster is usually the root cause of such a displacement of water, and thus earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and underwater landslides are common causes of tsunami formation. The effects and management of tsunamis depend on several factors. The most obvious of course is the intensity of the tsunami, or more specifically the natural disaster which caused the tsunami. For example the intensity of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 is categorised by the measurement of its earthquake tremor, 9.3 Mw on the Richter scale. The next factor is whether the country(s) affected have high population densities as well as the economic development of each country. A densely populated MEDC equipped to deal with such disasters tend to limit the impacts of such a deadly event however still cannot prevent high death tolls. On the other hand both densely/sparsely
Assess the view that in wilderness areas, the challenges always outweigh the opportunities.
Geography: Physical Essay Question - Assess the view that in wilderness areas, the challenges always outweigh the opportunities. Wilderness is an area of land or region, which is in a natural state with minimal human impacts. Severe conditions affect how easily it is to develop the area: this is what makes the area a wilderness. Examples of wildernesses are: Amazon Rainforest, Utah Desert, and Aral Sea. Often wildernesses have resources that humans can take advantage of; however, due to the challenges that the wilderness creates this is difficult. This essay will be looking at the view that the challenges of development outweigh the opportunities that the areas bring, by using the examples of wildernesses above. The tropical rainforest of the Amazon Basin is the largest area of tropical rainforest in the world. The Amazon Forest is being deforested at an ever increasing rate; estimates of the rate of this deforestation vary, but generally it looks like between May 2000 and August 2006, nearly 150,000 square kilometers of forest was destroyed (an area larger than Greece); and since 1970, over 600,000 square kilometers (232,000 square miles) of Amazon rainforest have been destroyed. The destruction of the Amazon can be heavily linked to various natural resources residing within the forest. Extensive areas of the tropical rainforest have been cleared to grow pasture for
Geography essay - earthquakes
At a conservative margin two plates try to slide past each other slowly. Quite often, the two plates stick and pressure builds up; the release of this pressure creates a severe earthquake. There are no volcanic eruptions along conservative plate margins because the crust is neither being created nor destroyed. The classic example of a conservative plate margin is the San Andreas Fault in California. The North American and Pacific Plates are moving past each other at this margin, which is the location of many earthquakes. These earthquakes are caused by the accumulation and release of strain as the two plates slide past each other. The vast majority of Earthquakes occur along plate margins. In fact the locations of the earthquakes and the kind of ruptures they produce help scientists define the plate margin. Many earthquakes form a narrow spread at some plate margins than others; generally speaking, the earthquakes at destructive plate margins have a greater spread and therefore affect more places than at conservative plate margins. According to plate tectonic theory, huge slabs of plates are in constant movement caused by convection currents, a lot of pressure builds up at the plate margins, which when released causes a sudden jolt or earthquake. This accounts for a large number of earthquakes that occur at plate margins. The fact that the most deadly earthquakes occur at
MONTESERATT-ASE STUDY
Case Study: Montserrat ) Describe the volcanic activity that has occurred in the Soufriere Hills volcano in the last year. 2) Describe how they are trying to promote tourism in the island. Part 1: The following list indicates the various volcanic activity that has taken place of the Soufriere Hills volcano in the last year: - The Montserrat volcano sifted a plume of ash on 3rd of February - An eruption like scenario was administered on the 17th of April - A faint plume of volcanic ash blows westward across the Atlantic from the tiny island of Montserrat into the centre of town on July 1st - The Soufriere Hills Volcano burped again in late July 2005. A faint plume of ash blew westward. - On July 28 again, there was a slightly more violent plume of smoke seen heading westward - On the 5th of September, the volcano produced a minor eruption drifting the smoke north west - On November 19th, the volcano produced a larger eruption after previous minor activity in the previous months Part 2: Before the severe eruption in 1995, Montserrat was an island of tranquillity, friendship and charm. Sadly, most of Montserrat islands properties were destroyed when the volcano struck. Indirectly, this could have been slightly beneficial to the tourism industry, the feats of the volcano and its impact attracts tourists and they are willing to see the island. In order to emphasize
Types of asbestos and Asbestos-related diseases.
Eugine Whint 7/12/2005 Chemistry 5G Asbestos. Asbestos (Greek a-, "not"; sbestos, "extinguishable") is a group of fibrous metamorphic minerals. The name is derived for its historical use in lamp wicks; the resistance of asbestos to fire has long been exploited for a variety of purposes. It was used in fabrics such as Egyptian burial cloths and Charlemagne's tablecloth, which, according to legend, he threw in a fire to clean. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat, the fibres are typically mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats. It was used in brake shoes and gaskets for its heat resistance, on electric oven and hotplate wiring for its electrical insulation at elevated temperature, and in buildings for its flame-retardant and insulating properties, its tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals. However, the inhalation of some kinds of asbestos fibres is now thought to cause various illnesses, including cancer, and thus most uses of asbestos are banned in many countries. Fibre glass has been found to be a suitable substitute for thermal insulation and woven ceramic fibre performs as well or better as an insulator of high-temperature electrical conductors. Most respirable asbestos fibres are invisible to the unaided human eye because their size is about 3.0-20.0 µm in length and can be as thin as 0.01 µm. Fibres
Tsunamis - research essays.
Tsunamis are large water waves, typically generated by seismic activity, that have historically caused significant damage to coastal communities throughout the world. A tsunami is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by a spontaneous disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing destructive property damage and loss of life. Tsunamis are unlike wind-generated waves. Tsunamis behave as shallow-water waves. A wave becomes a shallow-water wave when the ratio between the water depth and its wavelength gets very small. Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are connected with the earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its stability position. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts under the pressure of gravity, attempts to regain its balance. When large areas of the sea floor elevate or collapse, a tsunami can be created. A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance that displaces a large water mass from its balanced position.
