Mount St. Helens - Natural disasters.
All the below text is my own and has not been copied in bulk, except from page 15 onwards, and text in italic which is a definition. MOUNT ST HELENS Where is Mount St. Helens? Mount St Helens was 9,667 feet high volcano located at 46.20 N by 122.18 W in southwest Washington State, approximately a 3-hour drive from Seattle, 90 miles away and a 2.5 hour drive from Portland, Oregon 65 miles away. The volcano is in The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. On the North American plate, located near a convergent plate boundary. In an area called the cascades. I saw the volcano in the year 2000 when I went on a holiday around America. Formed from an earlier volcano that existed 25,000 years ago, but St. Helens is relatively new. In fact, younger than the pyramids of Egypt that are 4,000 years old Mount St Helens was a stratovolcano, made of layers of lava, pyroclastic deposits also known as tephras, and mudflow deposits. To the natives- The Sanpoil Indians the volcano was sacred; they had seen its previous eruptions. They had different names for the volcano, Some of the names given to the mountain were Lawelatla ("One From Whom Smoke Comes"), Louwala-Clough ("Smoking Mountain"), Tah-one-lat-clah ("Fire Mountain") and the most commonly used name today Loo-wit ("Keeper of the Fire"). The local tribes would not fish in Spirit Lake, believing
The origin of the Earth
Sonja Radmilovic Earths History 17/4/02 The origin of the Earth The age of the Earth was once, and still is, a matter great debate. In 1650 Archbishop Usher used the Bible to calculate that the Earth was created in 4004BC. Later on in the mid-nineteenth century Charles Darwin believed that the Earth must be extremely old because he recognized that natural selection and evolution required vast amounts of time. It wasn't until the discovery of radioactivity that scientists began to put a timescale on the history of the Earth. Rocks often contain heavy radioactive elements which decay over long periods of time, the decay is unaffected by the physical and chemical conditions and different elements decay at different rates (These rates are slow and half-life's of several hundred million years are not uncommon) Throughout this century the race has been on to discover the oldest rocks in the world. The oldest volcanic rock found so far has been dated at 3.75 billion years old, but this is not the whole story. Meteorites created at the same time as the Earth hit us all the time, radioactive dating shows that they are about 4.55 billion years old. THE EARLY ATMOSPHERE The present composition of the atmosphere is: 21% OXYGEN 78% NITROGEN 0.04% CARBON DIOXIDE ~0.9% ARGON The atmosphere wasn't like this when the Earth was created over
![Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate-tectonics theory is valid Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. [40 marks]](https://mbt-essays-prod-public.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/1201436/listing/1201436_1.jpg)
Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate-tectonics theory is valid Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. [40 marks]
“Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that plate-tectonics theory is valid” Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. [40 marks] Definition 1. This approach turned out to be plate tectonics—the theory that the continents are carried along on huge slabs, or plates, of the Earth’s outermost layer. In other places plates have been slowly converging, forming compressional features like huge mountain ranges. In other places plates have been moving apart, forming expansional features like the great rift valleys. The theory of plate tectonics provided, for the first time, a coherent, unified explanation for all of these features of the Earth’s surface. Continental drift – Jigsaw model 1. In 1910, Alfred Wegener began lecturing and writing scientific papers about continental drift. The continental drift hypothesis suggested that the continents have not always been in their present locations but instead have “drifted” and changed positions. Wegener’s idea was that the continents had once been joined together in a single “supercontinent,” which he called Pangaea (pronounced PanJEE-ah), meaning “all lands” (Fig. 4.1). He suggested that Pangaea had split into fragments like pieces of ice floating on a pond and that the continental fragments had slowly drifted to their present locations. But Wegeners main
Volcano Assessment.
Edward Phillips. February, 2002 Volcano Assessment The ground beneath our feet is constantly shifting ; as continents split apart and crunch together, new oceans open up and old ones are squeezed out of existence. The whole of the Earth's surface is forever breaking up and moving - very, very slowly, but with enormous force. The map of the world has been steadily changing for millions of years. About 500 million years ago, most of the southern continents were part of one landmass, called Gondwanaland. Very gradually, the landmasses drifted apart and came together again. About 175 million years ago, they formed a new continent called Pangaea and a new sea, called Tethys. The large landmass of Pangaea began to break up. Over the past 175 million years, very gradually, the continents have drifted apart to where they are now. Inside the Earth The Earth is made up of a number of layers. Like an apple, it has a skin, called the crust (or Lithosphere) which includes tectonic plates, a flesh called the mantle and a core, which is divided into the outer core of liquid metal (mainly nickel and iron)and the inner core of solid metal (mainly iron). The crust, which is made of solid rock has two parts - continental crust and oceanic crust. Beneath the crust is the mantle, made from a layer of hot melted rock called magma. CROSS -SECTION OF THE EARTH Tectonic Plates
comparing shrewsbury an old town an telfrd a purpose build new town
I have collected the results for my three hypotheses by using a questionnaire, audit, land use map, pedestrian count and the yellow pages/yell.com. I did all of these in both Shrewsbury and Telford. The question that I am answering is "What are the similarities and differences in landuse and service provision between a 'new town' Telford and a traditional 'organic' town Shrewsbury?" . My first hypothesis is: Telford will have better leisure facilities than Shrewsbury because it is a new town. 2. My second hypothesis is: People will travel further to Shrewsbury than Telford because it has a better range of shopping facilities. 3. My third hypothesis is: Telford offers a better service provision than Shrewsbury because it is a purpose built new town. To answer my first hypothesis "Telford will have better leisure facilities than Shrewsbury because it is a new town." I have produced a questionnaire to survey 11 people; I created an audit, researched leisure facilities on yell.com and the yellow pages. I then used these results to make tables and graphs (these are on pages.....) My first question "How did you travel here today?" will help me to see what methods of travel people use. In Shrewsbury no-one travelled by bike, train or other. One person walked, three people travelled by bus and eight people travelled by car. In Telford no-one travelled by bike or other. One person
Suggest why droughts have severe impacts on people and the environment.
Suggest why droughts have severe impacts on people and the environment. A drought is a meteorological hazard, caused by a prolonged period, receiving below average levels of precipitation, than is usual in that place at that time. Droughts are often hard to predict, which can result in the effects being more severe. Droughts can reduce agricultural production, sometimes destroying crops; they can also cause severe harm to humans. When the rain returns it may take some time for water levels to get back to normal, which means that drought conditions can continue despite the rain, a bad drought may last several years and make the land completely infertile. In depth, there are several causes of droughts; some happen together, others take place alone; however all result in a drought, no matter how severe. One of the causes of a drought is a change in the jet stream, the normal pattern, which occurs throughout the year, is disrupted and causes unusual weather, these results in certain areas receiving less or more precipitation than they usually would at that time in the year. A second cause is unusual high pressures in the atmosphere; moisture evaporates due to warm air rising, this causes less clouds to be made, which then can't hold much rain due to the smaller number of them, this leads to lack of precipitation. Another cause is the change in ocean currents, this links with
Earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of the earth's rocky outer shell.
Earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of the earth's rocky outer shell. Earthquakes are among the most powerful events on earth, and their results can be terrifying. A severe earthquake may release energy 10,000 times as great as that of the first atomic bomb. Rock movements during an earthquake can make rivers change their course. Earthquakes can trigger landslides that cause great damage and loss of life. Large earthquakes beneath the ocean can create a series of huge, destructive waves called tsunamis that flood coasts. Earthquakes almost never kill people directly. Instead, many deaths and injuries in earthquakes result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings, bridges, and other structures. Fire resulting from broken gas or power lines is another major danger during a quake. Spills of hazardous chemicals are also a concern during an earthquake. In most earthquake zones, land-use planners and engineers design new housing and other building projects, such as bridges and dams, to reduce property damage, injuries, and loss of life during quakes. The force of an earthquake depends on how much rock breaks and how far it shifts. Powerful earthquakes can shake firm ground violently for great distances. During minor earthquakes, the vibration may be no greater than the vibration caused by a
California and the Phillippines - Hazard Hotspots and Human Management of Risks
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Geofile 657: Hazard Hotspots * What hazards do they suffer from and why? * What is being done to reduce the impacts? * On balance have they been successful in managing the risk * Are some hazards more difficult than others to manage? Background California * The state of California has approx. 40 million people and has a very strong economy. * 25 Californian counties have per capita incomes of US$ 65,000 per annum – so it is one of the world’s wealthiest places, so this means that a disaster may comprise high financial losses. * It is home to the megacities of Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco. * Only sophisticated management prevents California from becoming a disaster zone (in terms of mortality). * Parts of the population are vulnerable - around 20% of the residents in Los Angeles live below the official poverty line. California also has 3.5 million people who live in hazardous locations. Background Philippines * The Philippines is a Southeast Asian country in the Western Pacific, comprising more than 7,000 islands. * The Philippines consists of over 7000 islands, of which only about 2000 are inhabited. The main islands include Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan and Panay. Only about 500 of the islands are larger than 1 sq km, and about 2500 islands are not even named. * The Philippines has one of the most recent volcanoes,
The first will be about Health and Safety at Graham School. The second will be about Health and Safety at Scarborough Sixth Form College and the last will be about Health and Safety at CP Kelco's Knowsley Plant. The aims of this report
Working Safely In Science A Report Of The Investigation into Health and Safety In The Workplace Introduction In this report I will explain the different precautions taken to provide a safe place of work in three different workplaces. The first will be about Health and Safety at Graham School. The second will be about Health and Safety at Scarborough Sixth Form College and the last will be about Health and Safety at CP Kelco's Knowsley Plant. The aims of this report are to see which workplace has the most hazards and precautions that they have to handle. The aim of this report are to see which workplace has the most hazards and precautions that they have to handle. Safety in science is very important. In safety you can be pro-active or re-active. Pro-active is where you stop a hazard before it happens e.g. not throwing a can onto the field so that it does not get chopped up by a lawn mower and can cut someone. Re-active is where you see an accident and do something to prevent another accident happening. A hazard is something that could or would cause us harm. A risk is where an activity has the potential to do us damage. A risk assessment is where you assess the risk of an activity. Every workplace has a Health and Safety representative who has to carry out risk assessments to keep the employees safe. In law, health and safety plays a big part. There is a Health and
Preparation of media and reagents & aseptic technique and pure culture
Title Preparation of media and reagents & aseptic technique and pure culture Aim To prepare media and reagents and practice skills in aseptic technique Introduction Methods in molecular biology involve the use of living organisms (generally bacteria) and a wide variety of reagents, enzymes, and DNA molecules. The bacterial used in recombinant DNA techniques must be cultivated on media that allows them to grow optimally. Most bacteriological media contain rich sources of nutrients such as tryptones or peptones (which are rich sources of amino acids), yeast extract (which is a rich source of vitamins and other nutrients), and various salts. Because many of the bacterial strains used in molecules biology harbor plasmids that confer resistance to one or more antibiotics, antibiotics are commonly added to media. Similarly, other additives are often added to media so that various phenotypic changes in the organisms can be visualized by color reactions. for example, when a gene is cloned into an appropriate vector (for example pUC18), bacteria that harbor a fragment of foreign DNA can be distinguished from those that do not by adding a chromogenic substrate (X-gal) to the media. Most bacteriological media are prepared in either a liquid form (broth) or in a solid form (agars, Fig. 1). Meticulous care is taken to provide the proper concentration of nutrients, pH, and others
