Find out why there is no Carboniferous Limestone visible around the Somerset area.
A2 Extended Coursework Contents Contents 1 Introduction 2 Background Information 2 Planning 7 Desktop Investigation 7 Methods of Analysis 7 Fieldtrip Planning 8 Measuring the Height of the Cliffs 8 Collecting Mudstone to determine CaCO3 8 Look at the ORS at the Quarry on the Quantocks 8 General Equipment Used for Collecting Other Data 9 Lab Work Planning 9 Possible Errors and Limitations 9 Health and Safety Issues 10 Fieldtrip Hazards 10 Lab Work Hazards 11 The Fieldtrip 12 Measuring the Height of the Cliffs 12 Collecting Mudstone to determine CaCO3 13 General Equipment Used for Collecting Other Data 14 Rock Measurements 15 Lab Work 16 Introduction 16 Method 16 Rock Sample 16 Control 17 Calcium carbonate content 17 Results 17 Rock Sample- Before 17 Rock Sample- After 18 Control- Before 18 CaCO3 Sample- After 18 Conclusion 18 Hypotheses Proved/Disproved 20 No Limestone Deposited At All 20 Limestone deposited then eroded to nothing. 21 Limestone deposited and then folded and faulted below the surface. 23 Limestone has been overlaid by other Rocks. 24 Human Activities have removed all the Limestone. 24 Combination of the Above 25 Conclusion 25 Evaluation 26 Errors and Solutions next time in the Collection of the Data 26 Improvements and Add-ons to this Investigation 28 Acknowledgements 29 Bibliography 29 Appendix
Gullet Quarry- Igneous Investigation.
Gullet Quarry- Igneous Investigation. Investigation. : To study the igneous intrusions at Gullet Quarry Aims : . To investigate whether the intrusions are of the same age. 2. To investigate whether the intrusions are the same type. 3. To investigate whether they are all from the same magma source. 4. To determine a sequence of events in the igneous section of the quarry. Plan : To carry out this investigation I will need the following equipment: hand lens, geologists hammer, crystal size card, ruler, tape measure, clinometer, penknife and a streak plate. In collecting the data to carry out this investigation I am proposing all the evidence will be uniform and will conform with the igneous work I have learnt in class. If there are any anomalous results in my data I will do my best to fit the anomalous result into my work. The evidence I am looking for is as follows:- . Crystal size. Crystal size is an important variable in determining the origin of the igneous rocks. The crystal size depends on how deep the rock was when it was formed. Finer crystals indicate that the rocks were cooled at a rapid rate i.e. near the surface of the earth. The larger the crystals are the slower the crystals were formed. Larger crystals show that the rocks were formed deep into the earth's mantle. To investigate crystal size I will need a hand lens, a crystal size card and a ruler. To
The aim of this piece of coursework is to investigate the impact of tourism, and a Park and Ride scheme, on the natural limestone environment of Cheddar.
The aim of this piece of coursework is to investigate the impact of tourism, and a Park and Ride scheme, on the natural limestone environment of Cheddar. Cheddar is just forty-five minutes away to the south east of St Gregory's Catholic Comprehensive School. The A18 is the road that we first took to get to Cheddar and then we took the B3135 to get into the gorge, as you can see on the map on page . We visited Cheddar to collect primary data and to investigate the type of limestone and its features. This trip was organised so that we could see the limestone for ourselves instead of looking at other sources like books or the Internet. The visit to Cheddar also enabled us to a cross unit task. This was, water, landforms and people, and people work and development. In this coursework I shall include information on Carboniferous Limestone and how it is formed. I shall also give an introduction to Cheddar and the different parts of it such as the Gough's caves and Aladdin's caves and the gorge. Maps will also be included so that you can get an idea of where Cheddar is located and how far away it is from certain places. In task 2, various graphs shall be made which will show the information on all the surveys I took in order to help me in my coursework. Task 3 shall include the different views of the people that would be affected if the proposed Park and Ride, shown in the grid
Limestone - What is it?
Limestone What Is It? It is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The calcium carbonate was deposited by the remains of marine animals. These organisms secrete shells that settle on ocean floors as a type of gloop. Limestone tends to be organic but it is seldom inorganic. Limestone tends to make up 10% of the accumulated volume of sedimentary rocks. What Is Its Chemical Nature? Limestone is calcium carbonate. It is also moderately soluble in acid, which is a disadvantage when it comes to building. It is made of secreted shells, and limestone can also come into a different form such as chalk, dolomite or marble because of certain pressures in the making of the rock. Why Is It Important As A Building Material? Limestone is very popular in architecture. Limestone is readily available and it is relatively easy to cut in specific shapes or blocks or even for more extensive and elaborate carving in which there is precision design. It is also long-lasting and it is still tough even in exposure. Limestone used for construction is also good in humid and hot environments. What Are The Drawbacks Of Using It In Buildings? Limestone is an extremely heavy material and it is also very expensive to obtain. It is vulnerable to acids, so therefore it is highly susceptible in places where acid rain is a high occurrence. The acids in the rain are capable
Soil is a product of its natural environment and the ways in which humans use it" Discuss
"Soil is a product of its natural environment and the ways in which humans use it" Discuss In this essay, I will be looking at soil and will be discussing the different factors which influence the soil, the different types of soil found as a result in the UK and the ways in which humans can affect the soil. Soil is a thin surface layer of the earths crust and provides the foundation for plant and animal life on land. Soil is a large, dynamic ecosystem and is made up of many different components such as; water, mineral matter, air and organic matter. The residual layer of weathered material that has accumulated over a long period of time is known as regolith. There are many different factors that can affect and influence the soil, these include; the parent material, the climate, topography, organisms and time. The parent material is the underlying rock which is eroded at different rates and supplies the minerals to the soil, and this can make a large impact on the soil. The minerals that are provided by the parent material erode at different rates and use different processes of weathering. Other impacts that the parent material has on the soil type is the soils depth, texture, permeability and the soils nutrient content, as well as this, the parent material also has an impact on the soils colour. Another large factor that can affect soil is the climate. The climate of
Classification of Igneous rocks.
Classification of Igneous rocks Igneous Rocks are classified is several ways, and methods of classification have evolved a lot over the past 100 years. Each classification is useful for a certain purpose and reflects a particular way of looking at igneous rocks. Early in the days of geology there were few rocks described and classified. In those days each new rock described by a geologist could have shown characteristics different than the rocks that had already been described, so there was a tendency to give the new and different rock a new name. Because such factors as cooling conditions, chemical composition of the original magma, and weathering effects, there is a potential to see an endless variety of igneous rocks, and thus a classification scheme based solely on the description of the rock would eventually lead to a lot of rock names. There are various ways that could be used to classify igneous rocks... Crystal size: - Igneous rocks are formed by the crystallisation of a rock melt or magma. The crystallisation occurs during cooling, as the atoms become organised into crystals. Eventually all the crystals will grow until they meet each other, forming an interlocking three dimensional structure when crystallisation is complete. Magmas that reach the surface of the Earth in volcanoes cool quickly, forming fine-grained extrusive volcanic rocks. If the rock is cooled
To What Extent Does Limestone Give Rise To Distinctive Land Forms.
To What Extent Do Limestone Give Rise To Distinctive Land Forms Limestone is a commonly found type of rock found most my in the south of England and in Southern Africa. Limestone is a family word, as far as rocks go; this means that there are different verities, like for example; there is Chalk, Massive Limestone, Oolitic Limestone, and Tropical Limestone. All Limestone absorbs water one way or another, we use a term for this; Permeable. There are two ways Limestone is Permeable, one being Porous (like a sponge), the other being Pervious (through cracks). Limestone comes from different periods in history, Chalk from the Cretaceous period (Of or belonging to the geologic time, system of rocks, and sedimentary deposits of the third and last period of the Mesozoic Era, characterized by the development of flowering plants and ending with the sudden extinction of the dinosaurs and many other forms of life.). Chalk is porous, i.e. it has lots of little air bubbles (gaps) inside it, so when water is dripped on it, or it is dropped in water is will soak it up like a sponge. Chalk can be found in the southern parts of England, in some parts of Africa, and other places around the planet. Oolitic Limestone from the Jurassic Period (Of or belonging to the geologic time, rock series, or sedimentary deposits of the second period of the Mesozoic Era) is also a porous Limestone, found in
Maggies Rock.
I was heartbroken to leave the only home I had ever known. I had grown used to the hustle and bustle of city life. Looking out of my attic window I could see the traffic roar past like huge dragons coughing smoke and would open their jaws and roar if anyone should get in their way. Small figures like working ants going this way and that, no time to speak or even look at each other, through trying to reach their deadlines. My world, it seemed to me had all but come to an end three months earlier, when mum and dad had decided to divorce. It had been very nasty and I would often come home to mum crying alone in the house. Mum had often said that she would like to escape from the fast paced life of the city and it seemed that her wish had now been granted. We were all packed up and ready to set off for Foley Harbour, a picturesque fishing village on the South coast, where mum had acquired a small tea shop which she was going to make into a thriving business, this she said would be a new beginning. And I to make her happy just went along with it; even though all my friends and everyone I had ever known would be left behind. It seemed like an endless journey from the hectic city to the pleasant atmosphere of the country, the landscape forever changing until all their seemed to be where field after field with houses dotted about in tiny villages, there lights twinkling in the
Distinguish between abrasion and plucking
6a) Distinguish between the glacial erosion processes of abrasion and plucking. Plucking occurs high on the glacier, well into the zone of accumulation, because for plucking to occur the temperatures have to have slight fluctuations around the melting point of the ice. Plucking occurs usually at the bottom of the glacier where, because of the pressure pushing down on the ice from above, the ice is at the pressure melting point. When there is a rock with a crack in it, the melted ice fills the crack and then refreezes. The refreezing exerts a pressure on the rock and weakens it but the water also freezes to the bottom of the glacier and is pulled away. When the frozen water in the crack is pulled away so is the rock. Abrasion however can occur anywhere along the profile of the glacier. Abrasion is the sandpapering of material. Debris can be put into the glacier by many methods including plucking and the material is then dragged along the bed of the glacier. The coarse material scratches the surface and the finer material polishes the surface. The material caught in the glacier is eroded into a fine rock flour which gives glacial melt water its milky appearance. 6b) Assess the relative importance of the factors influencing rates of glacial erosion. There are several factors affecting the rates of glacial erosion including: presence of basal debris, debris size and shape,
Rock types.
ROCK types * There are 3 types of rocks. *Igneous *Sedimentary *Metamorphic Igneous * Formed when molten magma from mantle is pushed out through the earth's crust often through volcanoes forming hard and layered rocks with speckled appearance. These contains minerals randomly arranged in large and interlocking crystals as magma cools slowly inside the earth's crust. The cooling produces rocks that always contain crystals. * 2 types: intrusive and extrusive rocks *Intrusive rocks formed when molten magma from mantle cools slowly (underground) inside the earth's crust forming rocks with large crystals such as that of granite's. Granite is a very hard and decorative stone ideal for steps and buildings. *Extrusive rocks formed when molten magma from mantle cools quickly above the earth's crust forming rocks with small crystals usually dark in colour such as that of basalt's. Sedimentary * formed from layers of sediments laid deep down inside lakes or seas over millions of years. The layers are cemented together by salt crystals. * Made up from fragments of older rocks that have been weathered or may have formed from the remains of living organisms. * Formed in layers and these may give additional evidence about the conditions they were formed and may show evidence on the wave ripples on their surface. S. Rocks with large and coarse-grained particles were