"An investigation into the methods of coastal management along Brighton's Coastline and the reasons for them".
Md. Shahajada Chowdhury 1H 5613 Geography Coursework Mr A. Ali 0548 "An investigation into the methods of coastal management along Brighton's Coastline and the reasons for them". Contents Introduction_________________________________________________________________________4-10 Aims__________________________________________________________________________5 Coastal Management_____________________________________________________________6 Hypothesis_____________________________________________________________________6 Longshore Drift_________________________________________________________________6 Costal Damages_______________________________________________________________6-7 Coastal Protection_____________________________________________________________7-9 Hard Engineering________________________________________________7-9 Soft Engineering__________________________________________________9 Facts on Brighton_____________________________________________________________9-10 Methodology_______________________________________________________________________12-89 Data Collection______________________________________________________________15-25 Beach Profiles________________________________________________16-18 Pebble Analysis_______________________________________________19-20 Groyne Measurements__________________________________________21-22 Tourism
Do the Characteristics of a river change downstream?
Geography Coursework Year's 10 and 11 Do the Characteristics of a river change downstream? Summer 2003 James black Section 1 - Introduction During this investigation, we aim to find out how the River Wharfe's characteristics change from its source to its middle course. Some of these characteristics are of course physical such as the width and depth of the river, the lithology of the bedload and so on, others are affected by human influence such as the type of bedload, and land use either side of the river valley. I have decided to choose the examples of Backstone Beck and the River Wharfe to see if the knowledge that I have gained in lessons concerning the theory of rivers applies to these real life examples. I have chosen to study the River Wharfe because not only is it one of the major rivers in Northern England but also flows through Ilkely, near our school meaning accessibility is not a problem. The site at which we will be conducting our experiments is far away enough from the source that it demonstrates the lower/middle course of the river. It also has little human influence making it relatively natural. I have selected to study Backstone Back since it is a tributary of the River Wharfe and therefore more accessible than the source. It is also a good representation of the upper course and should provide me with good contrasting results. We are not able to
Mount St. Helens - Natural disasters.
All the below text is my own and has not been copied in bulk, except from page 15 onwards, and text in italic which is a definition. MOUNT ST HELENS Where is Mount St. Helens? Mount St Helens was 9,667 feet high volcano located at 46.20 N by 122.18 W in southwest Washington State, approximately a 3-hour drive from Seattle, 90 miles away and a 2.5 hour drive from Portland, Oregon 65 miles away. The volcano is in The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. On the North American plate, located near a convergent plate boundary. In an area called the cascades. I saw the volcano in the year 2000 when I went on a holiday around America. Formed from an earlier volcano that existed 25,000 years ago, but St. Helens is relatively new. In fact, younger than the pyramids of Egypt that are 4,000 years old Mount St Helens was a stratovolcano, made of layers of lava, pyroclastic deposits also known as tephras, and mudflow deposits. To the natives- The Sanpoil Indians the volcano was sacred; they had seen its previous eruptions. They had different names for the volcano, Some of the names given to the mountain were Lawelatla ("One From Whom Smoke Comes"), Louwala-Clough ("Smoking Mountain"), Tah-one-lat-clah ("Fire Mountain") and the most commonly used name today Loo-wit ("Keeper of the Fire"). The local tribes would not fish in Spirit Lake, believing
Find out why there is no Carboniferous Limestone visible around the Somerset area.
A2 Extended Coursework Contents Contents 1 Introduction 2 Background Information 2 Planning 7 Desktop Investigation 7 Methods of Analysis 7 Fieldtrip Planning 8 Measuring the Height of the Cliffs 8 Collecting Mudstone to determine CaCO3 8 Look at the ORS at the Quarry on the Quantocks 8 General Equipment Used for Collecting Other Data 9 Lab Work Planning 9 Possible Errors and Limitations 9 Health and Safety Issues 10 Fieldtrip Hazards 10 Lab Work Hazards 11 The Fieldtrip 12 Measuring the Height of the Cliffs 12 Collecting Mudstone to determine CaCO3 13 General Equipment Used for Collecting Other Data 14 Rock Measurements 15 Lab Work 16 Introduction 16 Method 16 Rock Sample 16 Control 17 Calcium carbonate content 17 Results 17 Rock Sample- Before 17 Rock Sample- After 18 Control- Before 18 CaCO3 Sample- After 18 Conclusion 18 Hypotheses Proved/Disproved 20 No Limestone Deposited At All 20 Limestone deposited then eroded to nothing. 21 Limestone deposited and then folded and faulted below the surface. 23 Limestone has been overlaid by other Rocks. 24 Human Activities have removed all the Limestone. 24 Combination of the Above 25 Conclusion 25 Evaluation 26 Errors and Solutions next time in the Collection of the Data 26 Improvements and Add-ons to this Investigation 28 Acknowledgements 29 Bibliography 29 Appendix
Spider Monkey description.
Geoffroy's Spider Monkey Presented by: Spider Monkey Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Cebidae Subfamily Atelinae I. Introduction * Spider Monkey description New world monkeys, such as the Spider monkey are more primitive than are old world monkeys. Their brains are less complex, their thumbs are not opposable and their nostrils are further apart. They have slender bodies and limbs with long narrow hands. The black-handed spider monkey has a light to medium brown body and darker limbs with the hands and feet usually black in color. Their tail is sometimes longer than their body. The Spider monkey has a prehensile tail that is muscular and tactile and is used as an extra hand. Both the underside and tip of the tail are used for climbing and grasping. When swinging by the tail, the hands are free to gather food. Both acrobatic and swift, Spider monkeys move through the trees, with one arm stride covering up to 40 feet. Spider monkeys live in evergreen rainforests, semi deciduous and mangrove forests, from Southern Mexico to Brazil. They almost never come to the ground, remaining up in the upper canopy, preferring undisturbed high forest. Spider monkeys live in medium-sized, loosely associated groups of about 30 individuals, which fragment into subgroups of varying smaller sizes and composition. Since their thumb is
My pilot study and extended investigation is to be conducted at Hunt's Bay, Gower.
INTRODUCTION My pilot study and extended investigation is to be conducted at Hunt's Bay, Gower. Hunt's Bay or Deep Slade is situated on the Gower Peninsula facing south. The OS (ordinance survey) grid reference of hunt's bay, from a mumbles and south Gower map is 564 868 (see appendix 1). It is a rocky beach. The rocks are made up of carboniferous limestone, a sedimentary rock. We decided that the bedding planes at Hunt's Bay are about 45 degrees from each other, with smooth fronts due to erosion by the sea. This will affect the type and amount of sea life at the beach. Cliff face Sea 45 degrees Aim of Pilot study The aim of my pilot study is to conduct a transect of Hunt's Bay. From this, I will be able to produce a zonation pattern for the beach, draw a profile of the beach, calculate the exposure rating and discuss the distribution of various organisms found on the beach. This will help me with my extended investigation. Method for conducting a transect at Hunt's Bay The method I am going to use to conduct a transect at Hunt's Bay is the Cross-Staff method. (Refer to appendix 2) Tides A tide is a periodic rise and fall of all ocean waters, including those of open sea, gulfs and bays. The tide will rise and fall twice approximately every 25 hours, giving two high tides and two low tides daily. Tides are the result from the
Coastal Processes
Aims of the Experiment * Aims in 3 bullet points ----------------------------------------. Page 3 Introduction - Diagrams, Pictures and Photos * Picture of our residence --------------------------------------- Page 3 * Diagram of waves' energies ------------------------------------ Page 4 * Constructive waves diagram ----------------------------------- Page 5 * Destructive waves diagram ------------------------------------ Page 5 * Erosion - Corrosion/Abrasion diagram ------------------------ Page 6 * Erosion - Scouring diagram ------------------------------------ Page 7 * Erosion - Hydraulic Action diagram --------------------------- Page 7 * Erosion - Solution diagram ------------------------------------. Page 8 * Erosion - Attrition diagram -----------------------------------. Page 8 * Longshore Drift diagram --------------------------------------. Page 9 * Porlock Bay map ------------------------------------------------ Page 11 * Porlock Bay sketch --------------------------------------------- Page 12 * Porlock Bay formation ----------------------------------------- Page 13 * Picture of Porlock Bay overview ------------------------------ Page 14 * Waves formation diagram ------------------------------------- Page 14 * Photo of Porlock Bay overview -------------------------------- Page 15 * Solutions - Offshore submerging breakwater diagram -----. Page
North Stradbroke Island Report
Table of Contents Foreword 1 .0 Introduction 2 2.0 One Mile Beach: Seagrass Investigation 6 3.0 Myora Springs: Mangrove Investigation 12 4.0 Main Beach: Sand Dune Investigation 17 5.0 18 Mile Swamp Investigation 27 6.0 Brown Lake Investigation 32 7.0 Protection and Conservation of North Stradbroke Island 36 8.0 Conclusion 39 9.0 Bibliography 40 Appendix 43 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Transect of Seagrass 11 Figure 2: Sand dune Transect 24 Table 1: Biotic Data of Seagrass Investigation 7 Table 2: Seagrass Transect Results 10 Table 3: Biotic Data of Mangrove Investigation 13 Table 4: Biotic Data of Sand Dune Investigation 20 Table 5: Vegetation Data of Sand Dune Investigation 21 Table 6: Animal Data of Sand Dune Investigation 22 Table 7: Sand Dune Transect Results 23 Table 8: Vegetation Information for Sand Dune Investigation 25 Table 9: Biotic Data of 18 Mile Swamp Investigation 30 Table 10: Animal Survey on 18 Mile Swamp 31 Table 11: Biotic Data on Brown Lake Investigation 34 Table 12: Animal Survey on Brown Lake 35 Table 13: Impacts on the Mangrove Ecosystem and Strategies 37 Foreword On the 20th and 21st September 2006, a field trip was undertaken to Queensland's North Stradbroke Island (NSI). Five various sites were visited to help compile a suitable management plan for the protection and conservation of NSI. The five habitats observed
Geography investigation - The River Skirfare located in the Littondale region in the Yorkshire Dales National Park.
SECTION 1 Hypotheses; Hypothesis 1; 'Bedload will decrease in its size and angularity downstream'. By this, I mean that the material being carried, eroded and transported by the river will be smaller and more rounded downstream, than the material upstream. Hypothesis 2; 'The efficiency of the river will increase as you look further downstream.' This is where the river's ability to carry and transport material is greater downstream, but not upstream. Hence, we can say that upstream, has a poorer efficiency, than that downstream. Hypothesis 3; 'The velocity of the river will increase further downstream.' This would mean that the further down the river you travel the greater the surface speed of the river. Gradient will also be of great use as there will be an inverse relationship between the two variables, velocity and gradient. The further downstream, gradient will start to decrease. In other words the land around the river will be much more level downstream, but steeper upstream. SECTION 2 Introduction; This investigation sets out to prove or disprove three hypotheses. The hypotheses have been developed around the study of a river and hence, set out to focus on the processes and changes in the river downstream. To understand any possible changes or processes in as much detail as possible I have chosen three hypotheses that I think will help me achieve this best.
The origin of the Earth
Sonja Radmilovic Earths History 17/4/02 The origin of the Earth The age of the Earth was once, and still is, a matter great debate. In 1650 Archbishop Usher used the Bible to calculate that the Earth was created in 4004BC. Later on in the mid-nineteenth century Charles Darwin believed that the Earth must be extremely old because he recognized that natural selection and evolution required vast amounts of time. It wasn't until the discovery of radioactivity that scientists began to put a timescale on the history of the Earth. Rocks often contain heavy radioactive elements which decay over long periods of time, the decay is unaffected by the physical and chemical conditions and different elements decay at different rates (These rates are slow and half-life's of several hundred million years are not uncommon) Throughout this century the race has been on to discover the oldest rocks in the world. The oldest volcanic rock found so far has been dated at 3.75 billion years old, but this is not the whole story. Meteorites created at the same time as the Earth hit us all the time, radioactive dating shows that they are about 4.55 billion years old. THE EARLY ATMOSPHERE The present composition of the atmosphere is: 21% OXYGEN 78% NITROGEN 0.04% CARBON DIOXIDE ~0.9% ARGON The atmosphere wasn't like this when the Earth was created over
