Describe physical, intellectual, emotional and social development throughout life stages.

 

Sickle-Cell Anemia is genetically inherited lifelong diseases were the individual has taken the sickle-cell gene from both parents. A person with sickle-cell C shaped red blood cells witch because of this have abnormal hemoglobin and are unable to move easily through the blood vessels. This causes serious pain to the individual and also can lead to serious infection and organ damage.  Some of the symptoms include:-

Pain: The sickle-shaped red blood cells are sticky and have trouble passing through small blood vessels in the body. The cells get stuck, clump together, and block the flow of blood. Blocking off the blood causes pain. This is called a sickle cell crisis.

Anemia: The sickle-shaped red blood cells die quickly. There are then not enough red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. The result is fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath.

Delayed growth: Anemia slows the rate of growth because the body's cells don't get the oxygen they need to grow. Children and adults with sickle cell anemia often have a smaller build than other people of the same age.

Eye problems: The eye can be damaged by the lack of oxygen; it can be serious enough to cause blindness.

Infections: People with sickle cell anemia are more vulnerable to infections because of damage to their immune systems from the disease.

Stroke: If the blood flow to a part of the brain is blocked by the sickle cells, a stroke can occur.

Acute chest syndrome: Chest pain and fever caused by sickle cell anemia can become a life-threatening complication.

Due to the above symptoms and conditions of sickle-cell anemia an individual can develop depression and not be able to cope with their day to day living witch in turn effect there emotional development as they can become sad, angry and frustrated. Also this can have an effect on their social development as they can come across ass un approachable due to their depression, people in society they may not know about the condition will stay away from them if they fink they can catch the disease and due to depression may want to socially isolate themselves from society.  

Also if an individual develops more serious cases of sickle-cell then conditions such as stroke can have an impact on their intellectual development as stroke can cause damage to the brain.

There is no actual cure for this disease but medication for the pains and symptoms that each individual has are available.

Biological factors are things that are passed onto an individual through the blood stream or other means such as during pregnancy the mom can pass on substance through the placenta to the her child tin her womb. An example of this is when women during pregnancy ingest alcohol and crosses the placenta barrier. This can cause developing problems during fetal stages and can stunt fetal growth or weight, create distinctive facial stigmata, damage neurons and brain structures which in later life they will have problems with intellectual development within learning and understanding concepts, and cause other physical, mental, or behavioral problems later on in the individual’s life.

Also problems such as ADHD are connected with these diseases witch effect an individual’s emotional and social development. They can find it hard to maintain friendship with other and can have a fluctuation of emotions going from over excited and happy and also sad, depressed and angry.

Another biological factor that can have an effect on an individual’s development is infections during pregnancy such as Genital Herpes. This is a sexual transmitted disease which can be present in a person for several years without any of the prone symptoms. During labor a women can pass Genital Herpes on the child through direct contact. This can lead the child to carry the herpes virus throughout the life and infected babies may appear irritable, eat poorly and have seizures. Many babies who survive widespread infections and brain infections develop lasting disabilities, such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, seizures, and vision or hearing loss. These conditions such as mental retardation can effect a person intellectual development as they find it difficult to be able to learn and concentrate on the task in hand. Also conditions such as hearing loss can have an effect on there communication skills and can feel socially isolated and even social isolate themselves. Also due to their condition they have developed not only do they effect their emotional development but due to the stress on their body and mental state they can become emotionally stressed and began not to cope with everyday life tasks and disengage them selves form society.  

Environmental factors are things such as housing conditions; neighborhoods, communities, and pollution that an individual is subjected to and can cause a significant effect on their development.  For example noise pollution such as transportation systems like aero planes and nearby trains, public noise, and noise from appliances like power tools and washing machines are all linked with a potential delay on an individual intellectual development due to distraction. This can cause things such as low concentration and issues such as course work not being done to its full potential due to these problems. Another example of an environmental factor that can influence an individual’s development is air pollution. Air pollution such a chemical pollution from industrial factories and cars can cause respiratory illnesses if exposed to it on a long term basis and live in a highly polluted area. This can effect their physical development especially a younger person as they can develop problems with their lungs through out there life. Also social development can be effected by this as individual friends may not want to visit them within their area if they have poor housing and live in polluted areas. In turn all these factors can effect their emotional development as they may not want to live in these conditions and are unhappy with their environment witch can lead to then feeling emotional distressed and angry.  

Socio-economic factors are social and economic activities that influence an individual’s development in life. These include thing such as family and peer groups influences, housing and community influences, education, social class plus many others.  For example social class is a group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status. In society social class is split into sectors. These are lower class which is usually aimed towards labor, middles class and also upper class. These might have an effect on individual’s development for example a child that is classed to be a part of the working class can be judged upon about their abilities as people in upper classes are ‘believed’ to be smarter. Also due to these social class may feel social isolated when visiting certain environment and lead them in having social development issues.  Also opportunities such as going to specific universities also use social class to decide which student should attend. This effect their intellectually development they have fewer choices in the education they receive and can make them become angry and frustrated toward society effecting their emotional development Also Another example on socio-economic influence that effect an individual’s development is the income of the individual and there family. If a child grows up in a family unit that has very little money this can affect many things such as: - money for learning recourses like books and access to the internet at home witch prevent them from learning to their potential. Also parents have no choices on weather their child attends public school due to no money to send them to a private school were education is of higher standards. Individual that attends private schools often get better opportunities of jobs and higher education were as individuals for public school become second to this.  Also lack of money can result in poor diet as their parent jus focus on feeding their child and not their nutrition needs. This can have an effect on their physical development as they can progress into being obese or even malnourished.  

Lifestyle is the chosen way an individual chooses to lead there life which includes:-

Chosen dietary and nutrition intake

Amount of physical exercise an individual chooses to undertake

Substance abuse and how much an individual subjects there body to

The amount of stress an individual subjects their body to carrying out certain activities

These can all have a significant effect on the development of an individual for example:-

Lack of sufficient dietary needs such as lack of calcium can have an effect on the growth of an individual during their early life stages; on the other hand too much fat can have an effect on the individuals weight gain and subject them to heart diseases and various other health issues dues to being overweight. In turn this can lead to a person suffering with depression due to their weigh problems especially being over weight as this is a condition that a shunned upon more then being under weight. Also people that have weight problems can also develop emotional problems as they feel they don’t ‘fit in’ and find it hard live with their weigh. This can make them feel social unaccepted and find it hard to make new friend due to lack of confidence and low self esteem.  

Another example on a life factor that can have an effect on an individual’s development is substance abuse. This is the amounts of alcohol and drugs an individual subjects them self to during their life. If the individual consume too much alcohol on a regularly basis they can develop conditions such Pancreatitis. The pancreas makes insulin and other substances needed to properly digest food. If left untreated, pancreatitis causes malnutrition and can lead to diabetes.

Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to individual development (M1)

Genetic

Genetic factors influence an individual’s Physical development in terms of their ability in movement and mobility and the continuation of growth in height and weight during the life stages. Genetic factors that can hinder the effects of average life physical development are genetically inherited conditions such as Down’s syndrome. This can delay growth ability to carry out gross motor skills and also fine motor skills witch an average child develops during their child hood.

Intellectual I feel genetics can only hinder an individual’s development if they have inherited a condition which delay or totally seize their intellectual abilities as individual without genetically inherited conditions can wider their knowledge further as they can understand concepts. For example a child with down’s syndrome can have mental health issues witch delays there response to learning new concepts and meanings witch effects their intellectual development in a negative way were as a child without this condition will be able to understand knew concepts and ways to understand meanings to what has been described to them.

Emotionally development of an individual through are arguably said to be passed on from genetics. For example emotional behavior such as being a load bubbly person to a reserved shy person are said to come from genetic factors. On the other hand an individual can develop emotional conditions such as stress through psychological diseases inherited from parents.

Social behaviors from genetics can also only occur from genetically inherited diseases such as autism were in some cases the individual has difficulties in socializing and interaction  with others due to their condition were as usually social development comes within the environment the individual is subjected to influenced by  

Therefore I feel genetic factors are 100% nature and 0% nurture as an individual has no control over the   genetically passed characteristics they obtain from their parents.

Biological factors play a part in individual development physically such as the ability to the spinal cord and brain. This can be affected during passing of substance form the mother to the fetus and can cause the child to develop conditions that effect and influence their physical abilities.  

Biological factors can effect an individual’s intellectual development in due to passed conditions such as fetal syndrome which can lead to mental conditions and learning difficulties.  

Emotional factors on a child can develop due to biological reason are also to do with certain condition passed to them through their mother. This can include mental issue due to fetal alcohol syndrome and has an effect on their moods in regards to anger submissive behavior and repulsiveness.  Social effect of this condition can be poor socializing skills, difficulties in making and keeping friends and also social withdrawal.   Although biological factors can have an effect on an individual’s development immediately from birth and later on in their life the way in which they are nurtured can also play an effect. Such as the right care needed from their parents to support them through their conditions and in some cases receiving medications to help their life become more comfortable and ‘normal’ Also how they are treated in society can have an effect on their development wither they are accepted or miss treated due to their biological condition.

Therefore I feel biological factors on the development of an individual are 80% nature and 20% nurture. I nurture feel it I 20% because the mother is the course of the child’s biological factors and I feel nurture starts from pregnancy. Also the ways in which the child is then nurtured throughout their development also plays apart as this can influence the child behaviors positively and negatively. On the other hand I feel nature is main influence on the Childs development as biological factors are based on things that the individual had no control can have effects on their development through conditions that can’t be cured so hence the saying ‘ its they way they are’  

Environmental factors also have potential influences on an individual development throughout life. These have on the physical well being of an individual. For example environmental conditions such as air pollution in certain areas can have an effect on there physical ability to breath as air pollutions such as nitrogen oxide can lead to diseases of the lung which can cause individual it have breathing difficulties. Also environmental factors that can have a physical effect on the individual are pollen from plants and flowers. This can lead a person to develop hay fever and contract vast amount of irritant rashes to the skin and cause discomforts thought their life when around plants and flowers. This example show that this is a nurture point of development of an individual as their condition is caused by the surrounding in witch they have been subjected to.

Also an individual can develop intellectual problems as the effects on environmental noise such as vehicles passing near by, noise from busy neighborhoods and home appliance like washing machines can all play a part in the lack of concentration of work done at home and therefore preventing them from proceeding their potential and work not being handed in on time if they were a student. Influences in emotional development can also be influence by environmental factor as the not have easy access to health services, noise pollution form the surrounding environment and also poor water conditions can have a toll on a personal emotional state. They can feel down and become depressed due to the condition they live in.

Environmental factors can also have an effect on a person’s social development. This can be for reasons such as high crime areas were violence and drug crime can be happening around the area. This can lead people in not leaving their home very often and wanting to get back home early before dark due to fears of there harm being threatened. This has an effect on there social for example children won’t be able to play with friends in the area and also can have an effect on social behavior as it can lead to miss trust in other and not wanting to create relationship with people in the area.  

Therefore I feel environmental factors on the development of an individual are 80% nurture, 20 % choice and 0% nature. This is because I feel some people do have choices of were they situate themselves to live if they have enough money (20%). Also 80% nurture as the environment is the thing that is around an individual that can influence there development.

The lifestyle an individual leads can have an effect development through the way in which they eat, drug use, exercise and amount of stress they are subjected to. These can affect an individual physically as a poor diet and intake of certain drugs such as tobacco can lead to and heart conditions such as strokes which can have a strain to the heart and lead to heart attacks.  Also choices in hoe much exercise can have an influence on their health as regular exercise can reduce heart and lung condition and also increase agility which can lead them to being able to carry out every day physical tasks such as walking up the stairs more efficiently without potential risks on the heart

Intellectually lifestyle can play a part on the individual with things such as schooling and lake of money for additional revision recourses needed for study. This can prevent and individual to developing their maximum intellectual skills and therefore reduce the amount on knowledge and jobs they go into in the future.    

Emotional factors lifestyle can have on an individual are formed through the surroundings they are subjected to. For example if they are surrounded by a family that show positive happy attitude they will reflect from this and have a positive and ambitious look on life.  On the other hand if they are surrounded by an emotionally stressed environment then its can have a negative effect on their self esteem and drive to change their lifestyle in improvement.

Lifestyle factors on social development are influenced by personal and social activity.  People with similar life styles tend to get on more easily as they have things in common they can discuss. Also if an individual is seen to be leading a bad lifestyle such as using drugs this can make their social development decrease due to the effect of the drug like anxiety and unsociable behavior and also people may not what to be around other that takes drugs so therefore the individual has a low social life.  

Lifestyle is debatable that it is by choice. This is due the amount of money an individual of family has, the surrounding they live in and also influences from the culture and people they live around. To a certain degree a lifestyle is already put into place for you when you are born as individual tend to follow their family cultural surrounding. For example when a child is born into a religious family such as a Muslim family they are automatically expected to follow the same path and most of the time will do as they don’t know any better.   Therefore parts of their lifestyle are then controlled by their religion due to rules and traditional life ways of life of that religion. Also how much money a family unit has got will reduce the lake of choice has such as educational aspects.  Children with parents with lack of money will automatically have to attend state school so therefore controlling come of the choices they make in parts of their development. An individual can choose to change their lifestyle but this usually comes later on in their life and still can come across barrio in doing so. Therefore I feel lifestyle factors on an individual’s development are 40% nurture and 20% nature and also 40% choice.  This is because I feel that lifestyle is mainly nurture and choices we make as there are more ways in which an individual is influences by family and society which include morals they undertake and curb the choices they choose due to money, habit they have gained from their surroundings. Also I think nature plays a 20% role as some individual can inherit genetic diseases that can have an effect on the quality of their life. For example sickle cell anemia can give an individual great pain and the need to be in and out of hospital which can have effect on the quality of their life due to emotional stress, physical pain.  

Over all I feel that nurture and nature plays a 50-50 percentage on an individual’s development. This is because I feel nature wise individuals have no choices in the things they are born with as characteristics are developed during the developing stages of the fetus,  so that plays a part on the characteristics they show during their development.  But on the other hand their characteristics work alongside nurture development that they have as this can determine the way in which their development is shaped in terms of influence’s of families, peers, and environmental factors they are surrounded by.    

Describe and explain how two predictable and two unpredictable major life events can influence the development of the individual (P3 & M2)

In the case study Jamie has experienced predictable and unpredictable life events. The predictable life events Jamie has experienced are marriage and leaving home.  Marriage is the union of two people that combine their social, emotional, economical and in some cases religious beliefs and needs together. In this case Jamie’s mom has married another man as her earlier husband had passed away. Marriages  is a predictable event as during life we are expected to grow up and get married as most people in society do and is seen to make people lead a more happier stable life.  This life factor has an effect on Jamie’s development as he feels like Kev, Jamie’s moms husband has taken over his dads role and him mom has forgot about his dad. ‘You’re not my dad’ this shows that this has had an negative effect on Jamie as he is not comfortable with his mom marring another man as he misses his dad and feels that his moms new husband will be a replacement. This will affect him emotionally as he will fell angry and can develop emotional stress witch can then lead him becoming isolated from his family and develop social barriers with his family. This could also have an effect on his intellectual development as due to his lack of being able to communicate with his family and build on social relationships he may find in hard to build on relationships with other due to lack of trust and not co-operate with others such as teachers and other important people.   Also another predictable event Jamie experience is leaving home as he removed himself from the family home when running away. This was due to his bad relationship with his step dad Kev and also lack of support from him mother.  Short term effects that this could have on Jamie are that he has taken his self out of the abuse from his step farther.  Also he could feel isolated and emotional unstable due not being around a family environment during a developing stage of his life as he is fourteen. Long term effects can show resentment towards his mother and also on the other hand a positive effect this could have on Jamie is a sense of control back to his personal life as he could have developed independence and self motivation through over time accepting his situation and creating a new lifestyle and adapting to change. This could help in intellectually as he may gear his expectance into leading a more positive life and want to stay in school and inspire him to lead a successful lifestyle such as understanding why these changes have came about and applying it in his life when he become older. Also emotionally as if he accepts the changes can become happier within him and also prepare him for challenges in life he may come across. It can also improve his social development as he can relate to others that have had the same problems he has had and create new friendships. Excepting the changes also prevent him form becoming stressed therefore not having physical problems on his body and can lead him being more healthy as stress can break down the immune system and prevent people from taken pert in physical activities due to lack of motivation.

The unpredictable life events that Jamie has experience are bereavement and abuse. Bereavement is the when a person is suffering from grief and sorrow after a loved one has passed away. In Jamie’s case this was his farther that had passed away.  This is an unpredictable event as Jamie’s farther did not die of old age; he died from cancer which is an unexpected life event.  As Jamie was seven when is dad die this was also unexpected as in society we don’t usually expect a child so young to experience loss of parents. The effect this has on Jamie is his in his relationship towards his family. This includes his step dad as he clearly state that to Kev ‘you are no my dad’ this shows that Jamie is refusing to give Kev a chance as he misses his dad. Also this has a negative effect on his emotional state as the death of his dad has played an effect on his behavior at home and during school with violence and unruly attitudes. long term effect this could have on Jamie is developing emotional stress anti-social behaviors on a greater scale as he has not come to terms with his loss and or on the other side becoming to learn to cope with his loss which could create him in gaining confidence in life and restoring the quality of his life due to expectance of his dads death which is a positive effect. The other unpredictable life effect Jamie’s has experience is abuse. In this case the abuse Jamie has been subjected to is by physical abuse from his step dad, which has leaded him to develop emotional issues. This is an unpredictable event as children are expected to be a part of a loving family and an individual does expect to be abused as this is an unlawful and immoral activity. Short term effect this has on Jamie is physical pain from the beatings he his receiving from his step farther ad lack of confidence after the event has taken place witch effects him emotional and socially as he may feel embarrassed to be able to talk to people about his problems and lead him to become isolated. Due to not co-operating in school and running away from his home this can effect his intellectual development in education and knowledge and also family values. The long term effect this has on Jamie is running away from home and a scene of isolation from his family as he mom hasn’t supported him throughout the abuse he was receiving from his step dad.  This has lead him to low self esteem and showing using unruly and violent behavior during school due to his anger and what he has been shown through his step farther this can have an effect on his intellectual development in later life as not attending school could impair his learning abilities.  In later life he could go onto believe that this type of behavior is expectable due to being subjected to the abuse at an age of developing, therefore developing these behaviors and using them towards others. This can have an effect on his social development as people will not except his behavior and now want to socialize with him leading him become depressed and emotionally unstable.  Also due to being malnourished is could lead to physical conditions witch can deteriorate body function and development of bone diseases.

Jamie’s development might have been different if all these predictable and unpredictable life events did not happen in several ways. For example if Jamie’s dad hadn’t have died then the original family unit would not have been broken a therefore put Jamie in a stable loving environment gaining social experiences and relationships with his mother and farther . Also he would not have had to go through bereavement at such an early point of his life preventing negative emotional issues that Jamie had developed. On the other hand if his dad died but his mum wouldn’t have married another man then this could have mad Jamie feel like he wasn’t alone with his bereavement and received more emotional support from his mom as in the case study it states that his mom married soon after his dad’s death. Also if Jamie wasn’t subjected to abuse from his step farther than this could have made it easier for him to build a positive relationship with him giving him a father figure to rely on and receive parental support and positive guidance also he would not have been subjected to abuse that could have had an effect on his physical development. Due to this would have given him a more positive attitude in school and not developed and violent behavior as he wasn’t shown this from home and would have progressed his intellectual development as he would have more knowledge and learning abilities.

In the case study these life event that Jamie has experience has changed him and his development. For example the loss of his farther has changed the way in which he has developed in life as there is no farther figure around for him to learn from as children especially boys look up to their farther for guidance and structure. This effected his social and intellectual development as he was showing violence and unruly behavior t during school Because of having lost his dad at an early stage in his life this could lead him in not knowing how to behave towards his own children in later life and or make him feel unsecured in life in regards of loosing other close people.  Also the abuse he received from his step farther changed his development as this was the cause of his running away from home. Therefore not receiving full nurture development from a family environment, which could lead him to developing anti social behaviors, anger and none or lack of sense of right and wrongs?  Not only this actual abuse itself could have an effect on is emotional development such as low self esteem which could lead to no confidence and lack of ambition. Also the abuse lead to Jamie beginning to not eat properly as the case study states he was malnourished when he left home due to loss of appetite and can have an effect on his physical development as he could develop conditions they have an effect on the body’s growth and repair. So the abuse has also affected Jamie’s health and physical development as malnourishment can have effect on growth and also can lead to dieses in later life.  

Evaluate the nature-nurture debate in relation to development of the individual (D1)

The nature- nurture debate although brings a lot of controversial opinions they are both useful in terms of disusing the development of an individual genetically, biologically, environmentally and socio-economically.  This is because both nature and nurture have effects on the development of an individual so analyzing the cause of behaviors and health issues of an individual the nature-nurture gives a starting point. For example genetically inherited diseases which are in the nature side can be foreseen within the parents before the individual is born such as sickle cell. This is an advantage as due to looking at the genetic factors of the parents gives an insight of the characteristics such as physical, intellectual, emotional, and social factors the individual may develop at birth and during their life. Although this is effect of nature they way in which the individual is nurtured can also have an effect on their development.  Discussing the nurture side of an individual such as environmental and socio-economic factors can also be useful as this give means to analyze how these factors influence an individual development. For example the behavior of an individual can be monitored by the people they hang around with for example parent encourage their children not to hang around with other children that show anti-social and violent behaviors. This is because they realize the potential that social influence have on a developing child and fear their children could develop these behaviors through their peers. This shows that environmental and socio-economic factors can be controlled to a certain extent.

Therefore the usefulness of discussing the human development in terms of nature nurture is positive as people can grasp concepts of the way people behave, developed diseases and make choices and there for try to prevent, reduce and foresee things that may occur in an individual’s life.  On the other hand    

Whereas these are useful to understanding how an individual may develop it is also important to not take these assumptions for 100% as we now every individual is different and can develop in many ways.

Although there is a huge focus on a person characteristics around the nature-nurture development of an individual the choices of what the individual make throughout their life are also influences on how they develop. These are things that are associated with an individual chosen lifestyle such as their dietary choices.  A person can choose to eat a healthy diet with the right balances of nutrition intake. This can influence their development through health as eating a healthy balanced diet reduces or even prevents heart diseases, diabetes and various other health conditions. On the other hand individual that take an unhealthier approach to food intake and nutrition can lead to developing these condition and also reduce their life expectancy.  Also an individual’s personal intake of drugs can have an effect on their development. For example tobacco intake can lead to heart diseases, strokes breathing difficulties due to the effects it has on the lungs and also can lead social emotional problems due to the addiction that comes from consuming intake.

Also another aspect in an individual’s life in which they can influence is their continuation of education such as college and university. This can develop an individual as they are increasing their intellectual development due to learning and also social development due to their environment.

An individual own choices in life do have a huge impact on the way in which they develop but nature and nurture can also have an influence on the choices they make. For example educational choices such as going to university can only be made if the individual has enough money to attend, so economical factors can prevent their choices. Also the control over their health can be done by avoiding drug intake, healthy diet and more exercise but some diseases that can be prevented by a healthy lifestyle can also come about due to genetic factors and biological factors, such as cancers, they can be reduced by a healthy life style but people can develop them in other ways.  So the choices in which people take in their life do influence development but only to a certain degree as other factors like economical and genetic factors can influence or even prevent the choices people make.

Genetics and environmental interactions also work in relationship to an individual’s development for example a child can be born with a talent for music. In the child’s family, this talent for music is expressed by the child at an early age, through his activities of listening to music and music abilities. The parents then notice their child’s interest in music and can then expose the child to more music by giving him a toy musical instrument such as a keyboard. The child’s interest in music grows further and his talent develops and the parents offer even more musical experiences such as piano lessons. This has a further positive effect on the child’s talent and his desire to play music. It is thus clear that both the child’s inherited talent and environment shaped his development. The child had the talent for music, but this led to a change in the environment by making his parents provide more musical experiences. Now these experiences in the environment further developed the child’s talent and motivation. This shows that genetic and environmental factors work together to in the development of an individual.

References

Class notes and slides

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